Agave Plants of Ancient Mesoamerica

Agave Plants of Ancient Mesoamerica Maguey or agave (also called the century plant for its long life) is a native plant (or rather, lots of plants) from the North American continent, now cultivated in many parts of the world. Agave belongs to the family Asparagaceae which has 9 genera and around 300 species, about 102 taxa of which are used as human food. Agave grows in arid, semiarid, and temperate forests of the Americas at elevations between sea level to about 2,750 meters (9,000 feet) above sea level, and thrives in agriculturally marginal parts of the environment. Archaeological evidence from Guitarrero Cave indicates that agave was first used at least as long as 12,000 years ago by Archaic hunter-gatherer groups. Main Species of Agave Plants Some of the major agave species, their common names and primary uses are: Agave angustifolia, known as Caribbean agave; consumed as food and aguamiel (sweet sap)  A. fourcroydes or henequen;  grown primarily for its fiberA. inaequidens, called maguey alto because of its height or maguey bruto because the presence of saponins in its tissue can cause dermatitis;  30 different uses including food and aguamielA. hookeri, also called maguey alto, is used primarily for its fibers, sweet sap, and sometimes used to form live fencesA. sisalana or sisal hemp, primarily fiberA. tequilana, blue agave, agave azul or tequila agave; primarily for sweet sapA. salmiana or green giant, grown mainly for sweet sap Agave Products In ancient Mesoamerica, maguey was used for a variety of purposes. From its leaves, people obtained fibers to make ropes, textiles, sandals, construction materials, and fuel. The agave heart, the plants above-ground storage organ that contains carbohydrates and water, is edible by humans. The stems of the leaves are used to make small tools, such as needles. The ancient Maya used agave spines as perforators during their bloodletting rituals. One important product obtained from maguey was sweet sap, or aguamiel (honey water in Spanish), the sweet, milky juice extracted from the plant. When fermented, aguamiel is used to make a mildly alcoholic beverage called pulque, as well as distilled beverages such as mescal and modern tequila, bacanora, and raicilla. Mescal The word mescal (sometimes spelled mezcal) comes from two Nahuatl terms melt and ixcalli which together mean oven-cooked agave. To produce mescal, the core of the ripe maguey plant is baked in an earth oven. Once the agave core is cooked, it is ground to extract the juice, which is placed in containers and left to ferment. When the fermentation is complete, alcohol (ethanol) is separated from the non-volatile elements through distillation to obtain the pure mescal. Archaeologists debate whether mescal was known in pre-Hispanic times or if it was an innovation of the Colonial period. Distillation was a well-known process in Europe, derived from Arabic traditions. Recent investigations in the site of Nativitas in Tlaxcala, Central Mexico, however, are providing evidence for possible prehispanic mezcal production. At Nativitas, investigators found chemical evidence for maguey and pine inside earth and stone ovens dated between the mid- and late Formative (400 BC-AD 200) and the Epiclassic period (AD 650-900). Several large jars also contained chemical traces of agave and may have been used to store sap during the fermentation process, or used as distillation devices. Investigators Serra Puche and colleagues note that the set up at Navitas is similar to methods used to make mescal by several indigenous communities throughout Mexico, such as the Pai Pai community in Baja California, the Nahua community of Zitlala in Guerrero, and the Guadalupe Ocotlan Nayarit community in Mexico City. Domestication Processes Despite its importance in ancient and modern Mesoamerican societies, very little is known about agaves domestication. That is most likely because the same species of agave can be found in several different gradations of domestication. Some agaves are completely domesticated and grown in plantations, some are tended in the wild, some seedlings (vegetative propagules) are transplanted into home gardens, some seeds collected and grown in seedbeds or nurseries for market. In general, domesticated agave plants are larger than their wild cousins, have fewer and smaller spines, and lower genetic diversity, this last a result of being grown in plantations. Only a handful have been studied for evidence of the onset of domestication and management to date. Those include Agave fourcroydes (henequen), thought to have been domesticated by the Pre-Columbian Maya of Yucatan from A. angustafolia; and Agave hookeri, thought to have been developed from A. inaequidens at a currently unknown time and place. The Mayans and Henequen The most information we have about maguey domestication is henequen (A. fourcroydes, and sometimes spelled henequà ©n). It was domesticated by the Maya perhaps as early as 600 AD. It was certainly fully domesticated when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the 16th century; Diego de Landa reported that henequen was grown in house-gardens and it was of much better quality than that in the wild. There were at least 41 traditional uses for henequen, but agricultural mass production at the turn of the 19th-20th century has depressed the genetic variability. There were once seven different varieties of henequen reported by the Maya (Yaax Ki, Sac Ki, Chucum Ki, Bab Ki, Kitam Ki, Xtuk Ki, and Xix Ki), as well as at least three wild varieties (called chelem white, green, and yellow). Most of them were deliberately eradicated around 1900  when extensive plantations of Sac Ki were produced for commercial fiber production. Agronomy manuals of the day recommended that farmers work towards eliminating the other varieties, which were viewed as lesser-useful competition. That process was accelerated by the invention of a fiber-extracting machine which was built to fit the Sac Ki type. The three surviving varieties of cultivated henequen left today are: Sac Ki, or white henequen, most abundant and preferred by the cordage industryYaax Ki, or green henequen, similar to white but of lower yieldKitam Ki, wild boar henequen, which has soft fiber and low yield, and is very rare, and used for hammock and sandal manufacture Archaeological Evidence for the Use of Maguey Because of their organic nature, products derived from maguey are rarely identifiable in the archaeological record. Evidence of maguey use comes instead from the technological implements used to process and store the plant and its derivatives. Stone scrapers with plant residue evidence from processing agave leaves  are abundant in Classic and Postclassic times, along with cutting and storing implements. Such implements are rarely found in Formative and earlier contexts. Ovens which may have been used to cook maguey cores have been found in archaeological sites, such as Nativitas in the state of Tlaxcala, Central Mexico, Paquimà © in Chihuahua, La Quemada in Zacatecas and at Teotihuacn. At Paquimà ©, remains of agave were found inside one of several subterranean ovens. In Western Mexico, ceramic vessels with depictions of agave plants have been recovered from several burials dated to the Classic period. These elements underscore the important role that this plant played in the economy as well as the social life of the community. History and Myth The Aztecs/Mexica had a specific patron deity for this plant, the goddess Mayahuel. Many Spanish chroniclers, such as Bernardino de Sahagun, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, and Fray Toribio de Motolinia, stressed the importance that this plant and its products had within the Aztec empire. Illustrations in the Dresden and Tro-Cortesian codices show people hunting, fishing or carrying bags for trade, using cordage or nets made from agave fibers. Edited by K. Kris Hirst Sources Casas A, Blancas J, Otero-Arnaiz A, Cruse-Sanders J, Lira R, Avendaà ±o A, Parra F, Guillà ©n S, Figueredo CJ, Torres I et al. 2016. Evolutionary Ethnobotanical Studies of Incipient Domestication of Plants in Mesoamerica. In: Lira R, Casas A, and Blancas J, editors. Ethnobotany of Mexico: Interactions of People and Plants in Mesoamerica. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 257-285.Colunga-Garcà ­aMarà ­n P. 2003. The domestication of henequen. In: Gà ³mez-Pompa A, Allen MF, Fedick SL, and Jimà ©nez-Osornio JJ, editors. The Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. New York: Food Products Press. p 439-446.Evans ST. 1990. The Productivity of Maguey Terrace Agriculture in Central Mexico during the Aztec Period. Latin American Antiquity 1(2):117-132.Figueredo CJ, Casas A, Colunga-Garcà ­aMarà ­n P, Nassar JM, and Gonzlez-Rodrà ­guez A. 2014. Morphological variation, management and domestication of ‘maguey alto’ (Agave inaequidens) and Ã¢â‚¬Ë œmaguey manso’ (A. hookeri) in Michoacn, Mà ©xico. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10(1):66. Figueredo CJ, Casas A, Gonzlez-Rodrà ­guez A, Nassar JM, Colunga-Garcà ­aMarà ­n P, and Rocha-Ramà ­rez V. 2015. Genetic structure of coexisting wild and managed agave populations: implications for the evolution of plants under domestication. AoB Plants 7:plv114-plv114.Freeman J, Anderies JM, Torvinen A, and Nelson BA. 2014. Crop specialization, exchange Human Ecology 42(2):297-310.and robustness in a semi-arid environment.Parsons JR and Parsons MH. 1990. Maguey Utilization in Highland Central Mexico: an archaeological ethnography. Anthropological Papers 82. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Piven NM, Barredo-Pool FA, Borges-Argez IC, Herrera-Alamillo MA, Mayo-Mosqueda A, Herrera-Herrera JL, and Robert ML. 2001. Reproductive biology of henequà ©n (. American Journal of Botany 88(11):1966-1976.fourcroydesAgave ) and its wild ancestor Agave Angustifolia (Agavaceae). i. Gametophyte developmentRakita GFM. 2006. Emergent Complexity, Ritual Practices, and Mortuary Behavi or at Paquimà ©, Chihuahua, Mexico, in Religion in the Prehispanic Southwest, edited by VanPool CS, VanPool TL, Phillips, Jr. DA. Lanham: AltaMira Press Robertson IG, and Cabrera Cortà ©s MO. 2017. Teotihuacan pottery as evidence for subsistence practices involving maguey sap. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9(1):11-27.Serra MC and Lazcano CA. 2010. The Drink Mescal: Its Origin and Ritual Uses, in Pre-Columbian Foodways. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller J and Carrasco M. London: Springer.Serra Puche MC. 2009. Produccià ³n, circulacià ³n y consumo de la bebida del mezcal arqueolà ³gico y actual. In: Long Towell J, and Attolini Lecà ³n A, editors. Caminos y Mercados de Mà ©xico. Cuidad de Mà ©xico: Universidad Nacional Autà ³noma de Mà ©xico, Instituto de Investigaciones Histà ³ricas. p 169-184.Stewart JR. 2015. Agave as a model CAM crop system for a warming and drying world. Frontiers in Plant Science 6(684).

Air Asia Computer System For Hotel Booking Tourism Essay Example

Air Asia Computer System For Hotel Booking Tourism Essay Example Air Asia Computer System For Hotel Booking Tourism Essay Air Asia Computer System For Hotel Booking Tourism Essay Essay Topic: The Fault in Our Stars Air Asia has cooperated with many hotels around Asia Country let traveller to do hotel booking on the Air Asia web site. This system makes traveler more convenience because they can straightaway to book for the hotel adjustment after they book a flight. Besides that, Air Asia besides provide traveller to hunt for better salvaging hotel adjustment as Air Asia holding AirAsiaGo publicity such as mystery hotel and is last monetary value warrant. Mystery hotel is means that traveller wage 3-star rates hotel for accommodate at 5-star hotel but with footings and status that is the hotel name will non be revealed but intimations will be provided, such as the location, installations found at the Mystery Hotel. Lowest monetary value warrant is to vouch to clients that booking hotels with airasiago.com is decidedly inexpensive monetary value compared to elsewhere online. Air Asia can accomplish this by refund the monetary value difference to those clients that able to happen lower hotel rates on any other web site as compared to the engagement made at airasiago.com ( same clip period and same hotel engagement ) and is capable to footings A ; conditions. To book a hotel adjustment with Air Asia, clients can see the AirAsia.com place page ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airasia.com/my/en/home.html ) in 5 easy stairss as shown below. Measure 1 Browse for the hotel adjustment by choice your holiday metropolis or part. Then, fill in the check-in and check-out day of the month, choice figure of suites that you want to book, choice figure of invitee ( grownup or kids ) and stated the currency for the payment intent. After you have key in all this information, now you can snap the hunt and there will be process your demand. Measure 2 Now, the systems will be shown out the full possible hotels that meet the customeraa‚Â ¬a„?s demand. Customers can screen this hotel name position in either monetary value or star evaluation. So, clients are required to snap on the book now at the hotel slide that they choose. Then, clients besides required to take the Room type Features. Measure 3 After that, clients besides can add any extra activities to their itinerary such as airdrome transportation, our bundle and so on. Then, clients need to corroborate their path and merely click continue to the following procedure. Measure 4 Customers are required to make full in the contact information. Measure 5 Customers can take for the payment method either recognition card or debit card and do the payment. Measure 6 Once the payment is processed, the hotel adjustment path will be shown and direct to your electronic mail reference Besides that, Air Asia besides has cooperated with travel agent to let travel agent to print their tour bundle on Air Asia web site. This system has good for those single that had book flight and hotel adjustment on the Air Asia web site to shop for the tour bundle available and book for their prefer circuit bundle. So, traveller no demands to happen other travel bureau to book for the travel bundle. This system is really same as hotel booking systems above. Following, Air Asia besides got provide finish usher to users for holiday intent. This is good to those who traveling to be after for holiday but no thought for the holiday topographic point, so they can seek for this systems on Air Asia web site. This system will demo all the interesting and celebrated topographic point for holiday around the Asia Country. This systems is easy to utilize, traveller merely necessitate to snap on finish usher under the travel info, so merely snap the finish topographic point that u wide area network T to cognize more. User besides can take for elaborate information on dining, rubber-necking, civilization, art A ; theatre, nature A ; eco, shopping of the state. This will assist user that program for holiday to make up ones mind and take for the holiday topographic point. Air Asia besides provide a systems that allow users to seek for the event calendar so that they can be after to travel to the event activity. This system besides rather easy for the user as it merely chinks on the event calendar under the travel info. ticket engagement services to clients by merely one chink on the Air Asia web site and easy to entree at anyplace and anytime. This will assist traveller save clip compared to the old systems that need traveller line up up at the Air Asia counter to book a flight. Besides that, Air Asia besides provide clients to seek for better salvaging air tickets when Air Asia holding publicity as they able to see the lowest menu available harmonizing to their preferable finish and selected day of the month of travel. Another exciting intelligence for AirAsia travellers will be booking seats for multi-cities in one dealing merely. For illustration, if you plan to wing from Hong Kong to Perth to Kuala Lumpur and return do non necessitate to do 2 different engagements any longer. It will salvage a batch of clip and minimise human mistake in come ining incorrect finish or clip. One of the services or maps that can be add to the current Air Asia website systems to supply sails booking for users. Future users of this system might include single, twosome, household or group engagement, corporate engagement, travel agent engagement or authorities engagement. Couple may wish to hold a honeymoon sail trip or holding a memorable sail nuptials. Besides that, sails is besides one of the pick for household, friends or company trip as at that place have a batch of activities runing from snorkelling and bicycling to sauna and spa interventions. This service would increase gross revenues to Air Asia because this sail bundle is in really high demand. So, Air Asia should implement this service into the current system web site so that users can book for the sail bundle. The manner of booking this sail bundle system is about same as the hotel booking systems. Besides that, this system besides can supply some subject for user to choose such as household sails, luxury sails, vacation sail, hebdomad terminal sail and so on. User can book this subject sail by chink on the Cruise them publicity. If user is more likely to take the finish and clip by themselves, they can seek by following stairss. First, user demand to seek for their prefer sail finish and the continuance clip for the sail. Then, user is required to make full in the going month and day of the month. Anyway, the systems would inquire users how flexible are they for the going day of the month such as expand their hunt to include yearss before and after their preferable going day of the month because it is unlike flights, sails do nt go every twenty-four hours from every port. Following, user besides need to choose their prefer sail line and sail ship. Last, user required to choose the sail going port and stated the currency for the payment intent. Now, user can snap hunt. Second, the systems will treat all the information and shown out all the available sail. User can screen this sail position in either monetary value or ship evaluation. Now, user demand to take their prefer sail and chink on the choice button at the sail slide that they choose. Third, user can seek for the handiness of the amusement or activity on the sail ship such as Parallel barss, Clubs A ; Lounges, Casino A ; Gambling, Spa, Sports A ; Fitness, Shops, Leisure, Enrichment, Kids A ; Families and so on. This can assist user to be aftering for this activity on the sail. User besides can see the sail Itinerary at here such as clip of arrive or going at which topographic point. Besides that, user besides can look for the handiness and the monetary value for the dinning. After the user has know all about the sail information and confirm for this sail bundle so they can snap go on for farther procedure. Now, user demand to choose the figure of riders ( Adults or kids ) . User besides required to take their dinning penchants either personal pick dining or 2nd dining. Then, user demand to choose the tabular array size either medium, little or big. Last, user must come in their contact information. Then, user demand to stipulate what type of stateroom class that wants to book such as Suite, Balcony Stateroom, Oceanview Stateroom and Interior Stateroom. Fifth, user demand to identify in all elaborate information. User are required to look into the charge information and the contact information. Now, user needs to pay for this sail bundle either in debit or recognition card. This system can bring forth more gross revenues for the Air Asia and acquire more users to utilize the Air Asia web site to be after and book for holiday. There are ample bundles from where you can do a choice depending upon your budget. For case, you have the Caribbean sail bundle that offers you an chance to go to the best of the Caribbean Islands with your spouse. This sail bundle includes a dinner for two on the deck together with universe category culinary arts and bubbly. You may besides bask music and dance under the stars. This bundle comprises of a trip to Bora Bora, Tahiti, Moorea. The bundles feature all inclusive romantic and luxury sails that will assist you do the most out of your honeymoon. Norse Cruise Norse Cruise Packages includes particular agreements such as breakfast, and a cosy dinner. This honeymoon bundle besides features strawberries and bubbly in your stateroom. A bar and bubbly party is hosted on the deck followed by a romantic dinner in the bistro. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fileguru.com/Hotel-Reservation-System/info hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hol.co.uk/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fileguru.com/Hotel-Reservation-System/info hypertext transfer protocol: //usv.vegas.com/shows/index2.jsp PRODUCT BROCHURE REQUEST Car hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usairwayscruises.com/ Cruise Group travel petition hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usairways.com/en-US/traveltools/checkin/airportcheckin/default.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usairways.com/en-US/traveltools/intheair/default.html

Supervisory Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supervisory Management - Assignment Example This project seeks to develop various plans to accomplish these tasks in order to create her a good working environment when she reports back to work. Task 1- A list of changes that may be needed and a budget for each of the changes Many changes will be required to cater for the daily living activities. She may need personal care and assistance during work time. In order to enable this employee meet her private care needs, the possible accommodations are: provide her with personal attendant who will assist in eating, toileting and grooming. Provide schedules that are flexible to enable her undertake sick leave so that she can access medical attention. Create periodic breaks so that she can meet her needs in proper repositioning, grooming or toileting. Allow her bring an animal for service into the place of work. Most of these care needs are at no cost. The only cost incurred is approximately $150 per month to pay her personal attendant. This employee may encounter quite a number of o bstacles at the working station. These obstacles in turn create a number of limitations. Major changes will therefore take place to accommodate such obstacles. Provide accessible system of filing if she cannot reach lower and upper drawers in a filing cabinet that is vertical. Give her desks and tables that can be adjusted in height if she is not comfortable at the existing ones. If she cannot manipulate paper, provide her with book holders and page turners. Provide faxes and copiers so that she can easily access them while seated. Depending on her preferences and limitations, systems such as voice mail, automatic dialing, activated voice speakers and phones with large buttons can be provided. Other alternatives for computer access are provided depending on her preferences and limitations. These accessories are track balls, speech recognition, alternative keyboard, key guards and Morse code entry (Greer & Plunkett 2006). Most of these provisions are assets to the organization theref ore their costs are termed to be null. The employee also encounters other obstacles during travel to their work place. Major changes to counteract such obstacles are; ensuring accessibility to lodging, training or meeting site and transportation, renovating her wheelchair and other medical supplies. This is reported to be at a cost of $500 every month. In addition, a knee chair which is ergonomically designed is purchased to enable her attend meetings and perform tasks while seated. This is at a reported cost of 200 dollars. Task 2- A plan for ensuring that she will be treated in a sensitive manner, consistent with the content of chapter 14 (Supervisory Management 11th Edition). The major goal for each and every organization is to make profits. To realize such profits, a plan is developed to ensure productivity of employees with disabilities. Treating this employee in acceptable and a sensitive manner is my mission. It is therefore made achievable by giving her light duties. These a re duties that require less mental and physical energy. According to Greer & Plunkett (2006), to ensure discipline at work place, then other workers who have ability to perform normal work can be assigned some of her duties. Considering this employer on a wheel chair, most of her duties will be fixed in a part time work schedule. Providing marginal functions redistribution to effect position restructuring of what cannot be performed by her. Increasing her cover for

"Policy Improvements" Coursework 9 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

"Policy Improvements" 9 - Coursework Example timulus and increase in aggregate demand stabilizes prices and increase effectiveness of monetary policies through: increasing demand for labor and government spending, leading to business growth and economic stimulus. It also leads to lower unemployment rate and thus an increase in income per capita, which raises living standards. Therefore, the curve emphasizes the tradeoff between unemployment and the inflation rate. (Meade, & Thornton, 2011). The curve can hence be used to figure out the optimal level of unemployment that gives the desired inflation rate. The objective function can determine the effective and appropriate monetary policy that will lead to the achievement of target economic goals depending on their effect on inflation and output levels. The Function describes the tradeoff between the output gap and the inflation gap and the economy’s responsiveness to deviations of output levels and the inflation rates from their ideals. The weight attached to the inflation rate in the objective function will represent the responsiveness of the economy to the changes in inflation. The function summarizes the total cost to the economy whenever there is an output gap or inflation gap. The output gap occurs whenever the real output of the economy differs from the potential production of the economy while the inflation gap exists whenever there is a deviation of the inflation rate from the ideal inflation rate (Boivin, & Giannoni, 2006). In such situations, the economy bears costs directly and indirectly in the form of underutilizat ion of resources in the case where the output level is below the potential economy and the usage of resources at an unsustainable rate in the case where production is higher than the ideal. When the inflation rate is unexpectedly high, the costs of goods rise resulting in lower consumptions which ultimately leads to lower output and higher unemployment

The writing life of edgar allan poe Research Paper

The writing life of edgar allan poe - Research Paper Example While Poe was studying at the University of Virginia (1826-1827), he wrote some tales but little is known of these works. At age 18, he published his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems. In 1829, Poe’s second book, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems was published in Baltimore. In 1831, Poe’s Poems was published in New York. In 1833, he won $50 for his work â€Å"MS Found in a Bottle†. It was also during this time that he started his career as a staff member of various magazines. Poe became editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond in 1835. It was in this magazine that he wrote several critical book reviews which gave him a reputation of being a fearless critic (Poe Museum, par.9). In 1837, Poe left Southern Literary but he became editor of other magazines namely, the Gentleman’s Magazine and Graham’s Magazine in Philadelphia and the Broadway Journal in New York City. It was in Graham’s Magazine that Poe wrote â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgues† which is considered the first modern detective story. In 1843, Poe won a $100 prize from the Dollar Newspaper of Philadelphia for his tale of pirate treasure in â€Å"The Gold Bug†. This award earned national attention for Poe. The next ten years saw Poe building a name as a poet, short story writer and an editor. It was during these times when he published some of his well-acclaimed works such as â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and his most famous poem, â€Å"The Raven† (The Academy of American Poets, par.3). Poe died on October 7, 1849 in Baltimore. The tragedies that have befallen Poe have a great impact on his style of writing and the topics that he wrote about. His being an orphan at an early age, the death of his siblings and foster parents, poverty, a broken love affair, problems with gambling, and alleged drug use and alcoholism, all contributed to the literary genius that he was. Most of h is works reflected the darkness that enveloped his life. Poe’s is considered as part of the dark romanticism genre. He often used symbolisms in his work. In â€Å"The Raven†, he used the raven as a symbol of death, something which is bizarre. Poe’s writing is observed as always having a fascination with death. This may be attributed to several of his experiences involving the untimely loss of loved ones. The theme that surrounds his works was mostly of darkness and lost loves. Poe’s interest in psychology played an important part in his work’s visual imagery and emotions. He explored topics such as self-destruction, madness and imagination. There was however, a romantic side in his works, especially in his poetry. In his poem â€Å"Eulalie†, Poe’s inspiration was his wife, Virginia Clemm with whom he had a joyous married life. Poe also wrote humorous short stories such as â€Å"The Devil in the Belfry†, â€Å"The Duc de l'Omel ette†, â€Å"Bon-Bon† and â€Å"Never Bet the Devil Your Head†. These stories depict the devil as an ironic figure of fun (Liukkonen, par. 13) Poe is acknowledged as the originator of both horror and detective fiction. He is also credited as the â€Å"architect† of modern short story. Poe is known as the forerunner of the â€Å"art for art’s sake† movement because of his focus on the effect of the style and structure on the literary work (The Academy of American Poets, par. 4). To this day, Poe’s reputation is that of a writer of mystery and terror tales and

Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy

Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy Reflection on maternal nutrition during pregnancy and advice given to a client The aim of this assignment is to reflect on my learning experience and the time spent with a midwife in an antenatal clinic advising pregnant women on a nutritional diet for a healthy pregnancy. Also, the reflection helped me recognise a negative aspect of my experience, as well as focus on the positive part of the event. For this essay I will use Gibbs’ (1988) type of reflective cycle. The model contains six phases necessary to complete one cycle of reflection associated with description of an event; my feelings and deep thoughts, evaluation and analysis of the case, examination of the whole situation and summary of my experience. My second clinical placement was in an antenatal clinic in a hospital. On the day I worked with a registered midwife providing nutritional advice to pregnant women. According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015), in order to protect the chosen woman and her partner’s anonymity, I will refer to them utilising the pseudonyms Anne and Tom. Anne arrived on time for her appointment with the midwife. She was a twenty two year old lady, primigravida, nine weeks plus one day pregnant. Also, Anne had a body mass index (BMI) of 23, and her pregnancy was unplanned, but she was excited to discuss her nutritional needs with us. After welcoming Anne and introducing ourselves, I obtained a verbal consent from the client to participate and discuss nutritional issues during her pregnancy. The midwife knew me well as we had worked together almost a week. I had some experience managing and recording maternal observation, but she was aware that I had never presented nutritional information directly to a woman. At first, the midwife advised me to get familiar with the hospital policy and procedural guidance about food and nutrition during pregnancy. A day before Anne’s appointment, the midwife and I discussed the subject of high nutritional requirements and the appropriate diet to be maintained throughout the pregnancy. I began my interview with Anne by communicating in a friendly and professional manner in order to establish a positive attitude to her future maternity care. After that Anne was asked some general questions in relation to her food preferences and allergies. At all times I was closely supported and supervised by the midwife, and as the discussion progressed I felt more confident in providing Anne with the required details for a healthy diet. I explained that a healthy eating is essential throughout pregnancy and a variety of different types of food is recommended to help the mothers stay fit and well. In addition, I indicated that plenty of fruits and vegetables of different colours will provide the body with essential vitamins, minerals and fibre, which will help the digestive system and prevent constipation. Anne remarked that she felt nausea in the mornings and that she could only tolerate certain foods. She added that meals did not taste the same as before. Also, she indicated tha t her stomach got upset and her appetite considerably diminished following the smell of certain foods. Next, the midwife got involved in the conversation and reassured Anne that morning sickness in the early days was completely normal, but as long as it was not severe would resolve by 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. Moreover, the midwife suggested that getting up slowly from bed in the morning may reduce the symptoms. Also, Anne was advised to drink plenty of clear fluids and to eat something dry, such as a toast or crackers for breakfast. I added that eating frequently small snacks and avoiding heavy meals can improve food intake significantly. Furthermore, Anne was encouraged to drink approximately two litres of water a day. It was essential for her body system to work perfectly and to prevent dehydration. On the other hand, soft fizzy drinks contain high amount of carbohydrates and could lead to overweight. Particular attention was paid to meals containing substantial amounts of sugar, salt and fat. The National Health Service (NHS) (2009) states that an increased amount of saturated fat can lead to overweight and heart disease. Furthermore, the midwife went through all the information about protein meals, dairy food and carbohydrates. In addition, Anne was informed about some foods and drinks which were unsafe in pregnancy, as they may harm or cause severe malformation of the fetus. For example, daily consumption of caffeine needs to be limited to 200mg. There are concerns that high amounts of it can cause miscarriage or delivery of an infant with low birth weight. Alcohol intake is completely forbidden, due to the fact that it can affect the foetus’s development. Risk of Salmonela virus can be avoided by cooking all meat and eggs thoroughly. Another harmful bacteria to pregnant women is Listeriosis, found in soft cheeses, unpasteurised milk, shellfish and undercooked meat (NHS, 2009). However, listeria can be destroyed by cooking all type of meat, eggs and ready meals thoroughly (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2014). I briefly informed Anne about some of the important vitamins and minerals she needed throughout pregnancy. For instance, folic acid, vitamin D, iron, vitamin C and calcium. For example, the daily recommended dose of folic acid in the first trimester of pregnancy is 400mcg (NICE, 2014). The midwife added that frequent intake of folic acid can diminish the risk of having an infant with health issues such as spina bifida. Furthermore, a nutrition brochure was offered to Anne and she was advised to read it. Finally, Anne was encouraged to take daily supplements due to the high level of vitamins and minerals required in pregnancy. Anne appreciated the nutrition-related details, but at the same time she looked overwhelmed with information. Initially, I was somewhat anxious and hesitant to speak in front of a client and to provide Anne with evidence based information on nutrition in pregnancy. However, as the client became comfortable and appeared willing to understand the importance of healthy eating while pregnant, I felt confident communicating with her. Moreover, it was essential that I was supported by my mentor and encouraged to move outside of my comfort zone. The midwife and I felt united throughout our preparation for the interview with the client and we built strong cooperative skills. Sloper (2004) identified that cooperative working is beneficial for the clients, as it increases their satisfaction of care provided and builds trust in staff members. Nevertheless, I felt that Anne was overloaded with information. It might have been more helpful to present a smaller amount of educational materials over several meetings, rather than the bulk of it in one single session. However, Anne was pleased with the information presented, as we tried to focus on her individual needs. Some studies show that an antenatal education increases women’s knowledge and helps them choose a variety of healthy meals during the pregnancy (Feilitzen, Radestad, Hildinsson Hà ¤ggstrà ¶m-Nordin, 2009). However, one of the main problems was that great amount of information was given in a short time. Lavender, Moffat and Rixon (2000), reported that some nutrition information may be given to women in their preconception consultation with a general practitioner. On a few occasions use of medical jargon was observed. England and Morgan (2012) assert that use of medical language in the health sector can create misinterpretation and confusion in clients and this may have a negative effect on their care. Both my mentor and I had prepared well for the session, applying evidence-based information. We had planned the discussion and kept the client engaged with the presentation material. Furthermore, I was guided by my mentor to find relevant sources of dietary information and present them to Anne in a simple way. After the interview I felt more comfortable speaking in front of a client and I realised that it is completely normal to feel nervous. On a few occasions, my mentor used sensitive humour to decrease the level of stress and to stimulate discussion. Moreover, developing a good relationship with my mentor helped me to expand my understanding of what I need to achieve through my clinical placement. Also, I had opportunity to combine my theoretical knowledge with practical experience and reflect on my clinical involvement. It was vital understanding Anne, and I set aside my judgement in order to recognise her current condition of nausea and vomiting. Valuing Anne as an individual and understanding her current condition will boost her belief in health professionals. Studies show that moderate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy do not need medical treatment (Tiran, 2014). Nevertheless, women suffering from this must not be dismissed, but monitored and supported by health care professionals. Specifically, a knowledgeable midwife can advise the women on the use of complementary therapies. The Royal College of Midwives (2014) state that all midwives must have basic knowledge of the advantages and dangers of complementary therapies. On the other hand, if the midwife has little or no understanding of natural remedies, it can lead the clients to seek advice from unreliable sources, such as the internet. Therefore, it may be equally risky for these women, as information provided via internet can sometimes be unsafe or inaccurate. The women must be mentally supported by midwives, as hyperemesis can lead to serious conditions and women isolation (Dean, 2014). Effective communication between a client and a medical practitioner, as well as good nutritional planning, can significantly decrease the symptoms of hyperemesis. Midwives often advise pregnant women to take multivitamin supplements. The best option is to provide vitamins and minerals through a varied diet, such as consuming plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables (NICE, 2014), as this will reduce the need for purchasing expensive supplements. On the contrary, use of over the counter vitamins by pregnant women could falsely raise the sense of security (Coutts, 2000). Moreover, synthetic supplements are often not distinguished by the human body and are excreted in urine or stored up as fat (Nolan, 1998). Additionally, pregnant women should be extra cautious with supplements containing vitamin A, as high levels could be detrimental for the fetus (Blincoe, 2008). The most significant challenge for me in a clinical setting was the ability to listen effectively to my mentor in order to support and advise a healthy pregnant women about the right nutritional choices. Furthermore, it was important to educate our clients about a balanced diet in order to maximize the possibility for growth of a healthy infant. Women with sensible eating habits and normal BMI will provide the fetus with the perfect environment (Seaman, 1997). Alternatively, poor maternal nutrition could affect the growth and development of the normal fetus. Reflecting on that day and analysing the meeting with Anne helped me understand how I can improve presentation of information in the future. I have reviewed the session with my mentor and realise that I can facilitate discussion, rather than just provide information. My mentor openly shared her practical experience with me and this made me realise that I can use posters to visualise the dietary information. For example, next time I can play a short video related to the benefits of healthy eating to prompt further debate. Also, I need to increase my basic nutritional knowledge in order to support women better in their dietary needs. Overall, the involvement in a clinical placement helped me become logical and creative in my future career. Moreover, various information presentation strategies were discussed with my mentor to help me improve my service user presentation in a clinical setting. The benefits of learning by doing increased my understanding of establishing a nutritious diet in pregnant women in order to deliver a healthy infant. From others’ experience and my own mistakes I learnt how to improve in the future.

Women in the Work Force- 1960s Essay -- Essays Papers

Women in the Work Force- 1960s The 1960s were a time of social and political identification for American women. Despite the victory of voting rights, women still experienced discrimination in daily life. With the current millenium drawing to a close, women today still express concern of unequal treatment. It is important to glance backwards in history and remember the struggles that our mothers and grandmothers experienced. Thanks to the women of the past, women of the present are able to participate in politics and receive equal pay for equal jobs. The struggle continues, but we conquer more discrimination every year. It has always been a popular misconception that women are the weaker sex.1 This idea leads to the opinion that women can not possibly perform the same job requirements as men. Why should a woman seek further education when she cannot handle a job physically and psychologically in the male work force? A woman who does decide to work out of the home could not expect to earn as much as her male counterpart since she can not do the job nearly as well. History paints the picture of women staying home as homemakers where they belong. We see the ideal woman as June Cleaver from the TV sitcom Leave it to Beaver. A feminist author Betty Friedan wrote a best-selling book arguing that magazines, advertisements, educators, and social scientists portray women as happy as housewives.2The Feminine Mystique explained this portrayal of the trapped women into a life of raising children, taking care of the home, and giving no chance labor outside the home. Despite the expectation of women as homemakers, women broke free. They wanted to take more active roles in politics, society, and the work force. One arena of support cam... ... Jovanovich, 1987) p.236. 4 John Winters, Jr., http://nimbus.ocis.temple.edu/~rkarras/winters2.htm, Representation of Women in the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement. 5 See Robert L. Daniel, p.263. 6 See Robert L. Daniel, p.264. 7 See Robert L. Daniel, p.264. 8 See Robert L. Daniel, p.276. 9 See Robert L. Daniel, p.277. 10 See Robert L. Daniel, p.277. 11 See Robert L. Daniel, p.277. 12 See Robert L. Daniel, p.257. 13 See Robert L. Daniel, p.257. 14 See Robert L. Daniel, p.258. 15 See Robert L. Daniel, p.258. - Gabin, Nancy F. Feminism in the Labor Movement: Women and the United Auto Workers, 1935-1975. London: Cornell University Press, 1990. - Spain, Daphne and Suzanne M. Bianchi. Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment among American Women. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996.

Profile Essay

Mike Koran L. Lykken 1021 Composition 03/09/13 Mike Koran (left) and Doug King (right) â€Å"I’m Doug. And I’m a survivor. † â€Å"I love to have fun! It is in my blood. † Doug speaks this way as if to show signs of life enjoyment behind scarred mental anguish. This is a man who was diagnosed dead in the back of an ambulance and fell into a coma. Doug is not lying when he says he likes to have fun because he is a man suffering from a severe brain injury due to his passion for fun and the thrill of excitement. He was young and doing want any young boy likes to do with a four-wheeler and that his go fast.Laura Stone, writer for dontjudgeme. com, writes; â€Å"Speaking of those toys†¦ While speeding on his quad (ATV) sans helmet, he smacked into a partially hidden tree stump and flew up in the air an estimated 80 to 120 feet, coming straight down on his head. As he lay there convulsing, the ambulance made its way through the bracken to him. He died in t he back of it as they raced back to the hospital, but was able to be brought back to life. He fell into a coma and stayed there for twelve days. † Doug is still looking forward these days and has a recent change in his life.Doug King is a part of Brevard County down here in FL. He lives in Melbourne which is the city next to Palm Bay and his area holds most of the shopping. It is similar to popular Minnesota twin cities shopping spots Maplewood mall/ Rosedale mall combined with a Robert or lake street. Doug believes in honesty, hard work, and perseverance because he is such an interesting character that when you first meet him, you see that he is so outgoing, that it doesn’t even make sense to ask any questions. He has a tremendous background full of life but he also suffered a lot of tragedy.He now is a `†hoarder†, for many reasons, but one in particular is due to a brain injury he suffered which resulted in permanent disability. We will go further into thi s tragedy and its detail because this man had died, for 12 days to be exact, and that lead him to hoarding. He does this as an action of hoarding to establish a memory bank full of material or trash that symbolizes a certain memory. This has worked as a tool for Doug and he tends to need the items to remind him of certain things in the past.Doug reminded me of Forrest Gump by the way he was continuously bringing up life stories and they were similar to the way the movie had such a personal and dramatic story line about one man’s life. Doug is open about his father committing suicide, about his death experience, his hole in his neck from; ripping a feeding tube out after he awoke from his coma. When you first get to know Doug this could all be said with in the first 10 minutes of meeting him because of his outburst of outgoing personality.He explains his tragic four wheel incident by saying â€Å"I can’t remember anything from before my coma but I read stories and I wa s shown pictures. I was in a coma for 12 days after dying in the back of an ambulance. I was brought back to life, stayed in the coma, woke up and freaked out. † He told the story with such poise that you knew he had told this story plenty of times. He explained how his brain damage crippled everything in his life. I started to get the feeling that Doug enjoyed sharing his story so much that he must have had accolades that he talks about. I was just on hoarders the T. V. show! † he answers to me. I am in disbelief! I ignorantly (but necessarily) search Google for him as we are talking. It turns out that Doug King was on an episode of Hoarders. â€Å"Doug is one of those rare people whom soap operas love to put in their stories: his traumatic brain injury was so great; all memories before that tragic day were wiped clean. This was when his hoarding began. † Laura Stone wrote in this article on a critique magazine company running under the domain of heydontjudgeme. com. There you are thinking to yourself why doesn’t this seem odd? It’s my life and I am comfortable with it but even the show had me staying in a nice hotel for the time they were shooting the episode because they didn’t want me to feel any urges to try and get more stuff while they were gone. I need things to keep my brain working right and when I don’t have them I go and get them wherever I can. † Doug says. â€Å"I like to make people laugh when I do something I call common comedy which I define as the old fashioned jokes that we all heard as a kid.I’ll ask a question like (Have you ever got caught jacking off in the closet? ) and the person or people will say no and that’s when I tell them (Good hiding spot aint it!? )†Doug laughs and says that this is what he calls â€Å"common comedy. † Doug is as innocent they come because he is like a child in an adult body and he tries his best every day to keep positive. Doug d oes not have many accomplishments in life but he proceeds to fight his condition and it’s a blessing that the show helped him out.Doug feels the need to keep this mindset going in his life but friends and family are scared that he will not be able to keep it up over time without the proper help. They are concerned for him and they know he is a special person with unfortunate events. Doug is taking it one day at a time. â€Å"I am trying to get into fire fighter class since I did the show. They firefighters of Brevard County inspired me during filming because they showed up and showed they cared. They were interested in seeing the show and its process and they knew I had lived here a long time.They were concerned on how I was living because I didn’t have electricity or water and I was open to many dangers among me. I found ways to live like this and they were shocked because I have the disability. I told them I am a HHH hoarder. I am an honest honorable hoarder. I hono r the smallest piece of item I have even if it is trash. I don’t have much and what I do have I keep. † Doug may not be the best citizen that this country offers but he is just as important as anyone else. His profile can inspire people to either help someone they know or just others in need of this condition that haunts so many people.The world and the people in it can help individuals like this simply by caring enough to help. Doug was fortunate to find a solution to his problems and not everyone will be able to be on hoarders. After the show Doug found that he had new opportunities. His house looks great compared to the way he had it and it is something he enjoys now. He has found new ways to turn his hoarding habits into healthy environment tasks such as cleaning. He has been working on finding new tools to fight against helps him feel connected to memory.These are as simple as organizing, collecting, and formatting his personal belongings in order for his OCD over memory retention. I met Doug after the show and he is a fixture around the area. â€Å"With the power fully restored, he’s now living in his house and working with an organizer to keep his house clean. His sister Amy takes him to his regular therapy sessions, and they’re growing closer again. Doug is the kind of guy who just deserves a break, and I hope these good things coming his way keep on coming. What a sweetheart of a guy.To learn more about traumatic brain injury and the resources available (medical and legal), go to www. braininjury. com† Laura also wraps up her piece with this statement. Dougs Office: http://www. aetv. com/hoarders/pictures/season-6-17213370/#Doug-office-before http://www. aetv. com/hoarders/photos/season-6/doug-living-room-before. JPG http://www. aetv. com/hoarders/photos/season-6/Doug-living-room-after. JPG CITING: www. AETV. com/hoarders LAURA STONE @ http://heydontjudgeme. com/2012/09/18/hoarders-6-2-doug-ruth/ Profile Essay Mike Koran L. Lykken 1021 Composition 03/09/13 Mike Koran (left) and Doug King (right) â€Å"I’m Doug. And I’m a survivor. † â€Å"I love to have fun! It is in my blood. † Doug speaks this way as if to show signs of life enjoyment behind scarred mental anguish. This is a man who was diagnosed dead in the back of an ambulance and fell into a coma. Doug is not lying when he says he likes to have fun because he is a man suffering from a severe brain injury due to his passion for fun and the thrill of excitement. He was young and doing want any young boy likes to do with a four-wheeler and that his go fast.Laura Stone, writer for dontjudgeme. com, writes; â€Å"Speaking of those toys†¦ While speeding on his quad (ATV) sans helmet, he smacked into a partially hidden tree stump and flew up in the air an estimated 80 to 120 feet, coming straight down on his head. As he lay there convulsing, the ambulance made its way through the bracken to him. He died in t he back of it as they raced back to the hospital, but was able to be brought back to life. He fell into a coma and stayed there for twelve days. † Doug is still looking forward these days and has a recent change in his life.Doug King is a part of Brevard County down here in FL. He lives in Melbourne which is the city next to Palm Bay and his area holds most of the shopping. It is similar to popular Minnesota twin cities shopping spots Maplewood mall/ Rosedale mall combined with a Robert or lake street. Doug believes in honesty, hard work, and perseverance because he is such an interesting character that when you first meet him, you see that he is so outgoing, that it doesn’t even make sense to ask any questions. He has a tremendous background full of life but he also suffered a lot of tragedy.He now is a `†hoarder†, for many reasons, but one in particular is due to a brain injury he suffered which resulted in permanent disability. We will go further into thi s tragedy and its detail because this man had died, for 12 days to be exact, and that lead him to hoarding. He does this as an action of hoarding to establish a memory bank full of material or trash that symbolizes a certain memory. This has worked as a tool for Doug and he tends to need the items to remind him of certain things in the past.Doug reminded me of Forrest Gump by the way he was continuously bringing up life stories and they were similar to the way the movie had such a personal and dramatic story line about one man’s life. Doug is open about his father committing suicide, about his death experience, his hole in his neck from; ripping a feeding tube out after he awoke from his coma. When you first get to know Doug this could all be said with in the first 10 minutes of meeting him because of his outburst of outgoing personality.He explains his tragic four wheel incident by saying â€Å"I can’t remember anything from before my coma but I read stories and I wa s shown pictures. I was in a coma for 12 days after dying in the back of an ambulance. I was brought back to life, stayed in the coma, woke up and freaked out. † He told the story with such poise that you knew he had told this story plenty of times. He explained how his brain damage crippled everything in his life. I started to get the feeling that Doug enjoyed sharing his story so much that he must have had accolades that he talks about. I was just on hoarders the T. V. show! † he answers to me. I am in disbelief! I ignorantly (but necessarily) search Google for him as we are talking. It turns out that Doug King was on an episode of Hoarders. â€Å"Doug is one of those rare people whom soap operas love to put in their stories: his traumatic brain injury was so great; all memories before that tragic day were wiped clean. This was when his hoarding began. † Laura Stone wrote in this article on a critique magazine company running under the domain of heydontjudgeme. com. There you are thinking to yourself why doesn’t this seem odd? It’s my life and I am comfortable with it but even the show had me staying in a nice hotel for the time they were shooting the episode because they didn’t want me to feel any urges to try and get more stuff while they were gone. I need things to keep my brain working right and when I don’t have them I go and get them wherever I can. † Doug says. â€Å"I like to make people laugh when I do something I call common comedy which I define as the old fashioned jokes that we all heard as a kid.I’ll ask a question like (Have you ever got caught jacking off in the closet? ) and the person or people will say no and that’s when I tell them (Good hiding spot aint it!? )†Doug laughs and says that this is what he calls â€Å"common comedy. † Doug is as innocent they come because he is like a child in an adult body and he tries his best every day to keep positive. Doug d oes not have many accomplishments in life but he proceeds to fight his condition and it’s a blessing that the show helped him out.Doug feels the need to keep this mindset going in his life but friends and family are scared that he will not be able to keep it up over time without the proper help. They are concerned for him and they know he is a special person with unfortunate events. Doug is taking it one day at a time. â€Å"I am trying to get into fire fighter class since I did the show. They firefighters of Brevard County inspired me during filming because they showed up and showed they cared. They were interested in seeing the show and its process and they knew I had lived here a long time.They were concerned on how I was living because I didn’t have electricity or water and I was open to many dangers among me. I found ways to live like this and they were shocked because I have the disability. I told them I am a HHH hoarder. I am an honest honorable hoarder. I hono r the smallest piece of item I have even if it is trash. I don’t have much and what I do have I keep. † Doug may not be the best citizen that this country offers but he is just as important as anyone else. His profile can inspire people to either help someone they know or just others in need of this condition that haunts so many people.The world and the people in it can help individuals like this simply by caring enough to help. Doug was fortunate to find a solution to his problems and not everyone will be able to be on hoarders. After the show Doug found that he had new opportunities. His house looks great compared to the way he had it and it is something he enjoys now. He has found new ways to turn his hoarding habits into healthy environment tasks such as cleaning. He has been working on finding new tools to fight against helps him feel connected to memory.These are as simple as organizing, collecting, and formatting his personal belongings in order for his OCD over memory retention. I met Doug after the show and he is a fixture around the area. â€Å"With the power fully restored, he’s now living in his house and working with an organizer to keep his house clean. His sister Amy takes him to his regular therapy sessions, and they’re growing closer again. Doug is the kind of guy who just deserves a break, and I hope these good things coming his way keep on coming. What a sweetheart of a guy.To learn more about traumatic brain injury and the resources available (medical and legal), go to www. braininjury. com† Laura also wraps up her piece with this statement. Dougs Office: http://www. aetv. com/hoarders/pictures/season-6-17213370/#Doug-office-before http://www. aetv. com/hoarders/photos/season-6/doug-living-room-before. JPG http://www. aetv. com/hoarders/photos/season-6/Doug-living-room-after. JPG CITING: www. AETV. com/hoarders LAURA STONE @ http://heydontjudgeme. com/2012/09/18/hoarders-6-2-doug-ruth/

Free Essays on Family Preservation

In 1980, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act passed (P.L. 96-272), which required child protection services (CPS) to make "reasonable efforts" to prevent children from being placed into foster care. From this law, human services agencies and child protection agencies began to focus on the development of family preservation services (FPS). The emphasis of FPS, cumulated in 1993 in the Family Preservation and Support Act, which encouraged states to begin or further develop FPS by providing funds. "By the mid-1990s, most states had passed some form of legislation requiring the provision of preventivite child welfare services...closely reflecting the Homebuilders model" (Linblad, Dore and Stern, 1998, pg. 14-15). The Homebuilders model "is based on a crisis intervention theory, social systems theory and social learning theory" (Linblad et al. 1998, pg. 15). Their goal is to "add resources to relieve pressure and to facilitate the development of a safe, nurturing environment for children within the context of family" (Kinney, Haapala, and Booth, 1991, pg 3). There are different models of FPS, although many recognize the Homebuilders model as the prototypical family preservation service, yet all models have five characteristics in common in order for them to be classified as FPS. First family preservation services are crisis oriented. "Crisis theory postulates that when people go through periods of high stress, their regular coping mechanisms break down, leaving them open to change in either a positive or negative direction." Families that are referred for FPS, are usually experiencing the possibility of their child/children being removed from the home by CPS or the environment of the home is so hostile that the parent is refusing to let the child/children live with them, or the child is running away. (Kinney et al. 1991, pg 15) FPS also has an emphasis on family strengths, and is family centered. Focusing on strength... Free Essays on Family Preservation Free Essays on Family Preservation In 1980, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act passed (P.L. 96-272), which required child protection services (CPS) to make "reasonable efforts" to prevent children from being placed into foster care. From this law, human services agencies and child protection agencies began to focus on the development of family preservation services (FPS). The emphasis of FPS, cumulated in 1993 in the Family Preservation and Support Act, which encouraged states to begin or further develop FPS by providing funds. "By the mid-1990s, most states had passed some form of legislation requiring the provision of preventivite child welfare services...closely reflecting the Homebuilders model" (Linblad, Dore and Stern, 1998, pg. 14-15). The Homebuilders model "is based on a crisis intervention theory, social systems theory and social learning theory" (Linblad et al. 1998, pg. 15). Their goal is to "add resources to relieve pressure and to facilitate the development of a safe, nurturing environment for children within the context of family" (Kinney, Haapala, and Booth, 1991, pg 3). There are different models of FPS, although many recognize the Homebuilders model as the prototypical family preservation service, yet all models have five characteristics in common in order for them to be classified as FPS. First family preservation services are crisis oriented. "Crisis theory postulates that when people go through periods of high stress, their regular coping mechanisms break down, leaving them open to change in either a positive or negative direction." Families that are referred for FPS, are usually experiencing the possibility of their child/children being removed from the home by CPS or the environment of the home is so hostile that the parent is refusing to let the child/children live with them, or the child is running away. (Kinney et al. 1991, pg 15) FPS also has an emphasis on family strengths, and is family centered. Focusing on strength...

How can we sustainably develop an area of tropical rainforest Essay Example

How can we sustainably develop an area of tropical rainforest Essay Example How can we sustainably develop an area of tropical rainforest Essay How can we sustainably develop an area of tropical rainforest Essay Essay Topic: The Bean Eaters Rainforests can be found near the earth’s Equator where temperatures are high. Since the Equator is mostly tilted towards the sun, their biomes have high temperatures and humidity which allows for a large diversity of animals and plants to live there. This is unlike forests which consists of mainly one type of tree and doesn’t have much diversity in its plants and animals.Figure 1- Distribution of tropical rainforestsâ€Å"Earths lungs†Clearly, the largest is the Amazon Rainforest.Figure 2- Amazon in BrazilThe Amazon spreads on many countries in South America.The Amazon rainforest is disappearing fast from the earth’s surface because of deforestation which is putting a risk on the forest.Falls onto eight nations. 60 % of it is inside Brazil therefore they have large control on it. .4,100,000 square kilometresFigure 3- Layers of the AmazonEmergent Layer These are the tallest trees which get plenty of light. Monkeys, bats and butterflies can be found here.C anopy – Maze of leaves and branches that have many animals living in it due to so much food. Animals include snakes, toucan and tree frogs.Under Story – little sunlight gets here and so leaves grow out to be able to catch itForest floor – almost no plants grow here since it is dark and so it decays really fast.Giant ant eaters live here.solcomhouse.com/images/LAYER500copy.jpg Source of information.This is relevant to our research as it shows how unique the rainforest is. Unlike forests the Amazon has many layers to it and different types of trees that can only be found in the Amazon to show how important it is to protect it from any dangers. Not only that, but the Amazon took many generations to build up to this sort of environment and is really important for the development of the world and habitats.Causes of Deforestation:Figure 3 – Causes of DeforestationLogging, though it doesn’t contribute heavily, is still done so that the timber could be us ed for things such as chairs, home objects and other things that are made of wood inside the home.Large scale agriculture for example Soya bean plantations.Human exploitation is taking its toll on the Amazon Rainforest. When infrastructure is built it is easier for businesses in the Amazon to be able to transport and build up their companies which wouldn’t have been possible without infrastructure. For example, cattle ranching are the biggest cause of deforestation taking up to 65-70% of deforested land which can be seen on the Mongabay website who have done a study into the Amazon rainforest and its exploitation.Trees are cut down for the sake of breeding cattle whose beef and leather is exported to MNC’s and this land is cleared to make space for the cattle to graze and to move freely. The second biggest cause is small time agriculture (20 – 25 % as seen in Figure 3 taken from Mongabay). Since Brazil still has many poor people, they encourage poor farmers to m ove to the Amazon. Since there’s infrastructure farmers are further encouraged to move there since they can easily get around. When they settle down there they chop down trees to start farming, but due to lack of care the soil erodes quickly and becomes infertile so they cut down more trees to be able to farm.Among large scale agriculture is soy bean plantations. Brazil has become the second largest soy bean producer (26 % of the rainforest as seen in figure 3, Mongabay) in the world due to high demand from western society therefore more trees are cut down for this purpose. Infrastructure is again making it easier to import and export the soy. A high demand can be seen as they sell well in many countries which create economic developments which means the country could then become a significant country of produce and increase exports and continue to grow and prosper. (As seen in website evaluated in my bibliography)The main motivation for deforestation is to help Brazil to pro sper and continue to rebuild itself so that it can become a more wealthy country so that they could build up the economy and become an MEDC. This is positive since it will increase the countries economy and raise the Quality of Life for the people of Brazil however this comes with various consequences.Every time deforestation decreases, it then gradually increases againFigure 4- Amount of DeforestationDecreasing here largelyThough it is evident from the graph that Brazil tries to decrease deforestation however it always returns to rise. Also, according to the Mongabay, which is an environmentalist website that is dedicated to the well being of the Amazon rainforest, (refer to bibliography) and from the graph it can be seen that there is a correlation between Brazil’s economy and the deforestation there is also a decrease in economic profit and that when there was an increase in deforestation, Brazil experienced economic growth as explained in the Key Geography for GCSE textbo ok which detailed the effects of the Amazon on the Brazilian economy.(Greenpeace Activist) The Amazon contains 80-120 billion tonnes of carbon which if it is released could damage the earth’s atmosphere! Not only that, but the Amazon is also home to ingenious people who need the forest. If the rainforest is cut down the people would have no-where to go. Also, by cutting down the rainforest, we are losing all these natural medicines and herbs that could be useful. Many animals and insects would also be lost with every tree that is cut down!EFFECTS AND STAKEHOLDERS OPINIONS:(Ingenious People) There are over 200’000 of us in the Amazon in over 180 nations. If our home is cut down, it will cause us to lose the land that we tried so hard to protect and our homes will be destroyed. If we are forced off our land then we still wouldn’t be able to get jobs in the already overcrowded city which would then mean our culture will be destroyed and we will be forced to accusto m to modern day living which we do not want as we are content with out present life.(Brazil) The beef that is used in cheap things such as canned food or packaged food is most likely to be from the Amazon rainforest as that is where 80% of the Amazon that is being cut down is used for cattle ranching. We as a country are growing due to all this importing and exporting so we must keep all this demand so that we can keep providing jobs and prospering.(MNCs) Until demand for our products is reduced then we will keep on cutting down trees so that our company can prosper. Besides, we are contributing to the government by paying taxes and giving people jobs in our factories, therefore being more help to the government then the actual rainforest.Note: these sources are all biased from their own points of view.EffectExplanationPositive/NegativePeople have jobsThey can then spend more money inside the country and be more prosperous meaning money would circulate and the economy could growPosi tiveTrees being cut down and plants and animals dieReduces the biodiversity of the Amazon. By cutting down all those trees, CO2 is being released into the atmosphere which would damage the ozone layer and cause the earth to become more vulnerable. Also it is raising the pollution inside the world causing more damage.NegativeIndigenous people lose their homesMay result in people migrating to cities and creating overpopulation in as well as higher unemployment as those from outside the city may not have the suitable skills for life in the city. Also, by tourists, loggers or any other form of foreign contact, western diseases are brought upon the ingenious people. They are losing their culture and many are dying as their land that they feed on and live off is cut down.NegativeBrazil can set up more businessesIncreases import and export and Improves relations with other countries. The government is benefiting from all the taxes they get from MNCS setting up there and logging (excluding those done illegally). It is creating short term economic relief for the workers who are mining, cut down trees.PositiveMore CO2 levels in the atmosphereWhen trees are cut down this means that there would be less oxygen in the atmosphere and there would be more health problems due to pollution and there would also be more global warming.NegativeCheaper food and objects abroadWhen things are done illegally or in larger spaces, people abroad can buy these things more cheaply and not have to pay high prices. However for the government, they wouldn’t be able to control the situation and they are losing money because of those people.Negative and positiveSOLUTIONS:SolutionAdvantageDisadvantageJobs for local people outside of logging, mining by the Brazilian government(Economic)The Brazilian government can continue to get money from taxes but they need to make more jobs for people that don’t damage the forest.For example, being stewards and protectors of the Amazon rainforest to stop certain activities such as illegal logging.It would cost the Brazilian government money to make more jobs (for example- forest stewardship scheme)The FSC who labels wood so that it can show it comes from a safe environment where the wood was not illegally logged or cut down in large masses (FSC website)(Environmental)A certain label could be put on the Amazon beef which would tell everyone that this type of cow was treated well and did not contribute greatly to deforestation. This would raise demand for that beef and would encourage all cattle farms to get FSC’dThe Brazilian government may have to spend money on cattle ranching everything in the Amazon will increase price of beef so demand falls.Increased Taxes on foreign companies with logging, mining, ranching activities(Economic)This would mean more money for Brazil and then they wouldn’t have to keep allowing more and more companies inside.Pay may decrease for workers to allow this change in taxes and they would be unhappy with lower pay and cannot afford things and the country would remain poorIBAMA for national police to stop illegal logging(Social)Brazilian government because if there’s less illegal logging then that means more profit would go to the government. Also it would protect indigenous people whose land can be protected from illegal loggers who will just intrude purposefully.More money would be spent on the policing of the Amazon then the people of Brazil which would mean less funding for those things and some people may think there is no point to it.Increased action and campaigning of environmental groups e.g: Greenpeace (website)(Social and Environmental)They can raise awareness in the western world and allow for people and companies to see what is happening. This is good for indigenous people since others would be aware of their situation(boycott companies)Many companies may not take the advice because of not enough support from the public.Empowerment to the ind igenous people(Social)They can have control over their land and disallow people to intrude onto it and try to take it away from them. This means they can build on it and prosper with their land.They may decide to sell of their land and would then have to migrate to the cities. Also, this way the government has no control over them.Social: More ingenious people would start dying of and they may come in contact with western diseases. Also, if they are pushed out of their homes they would overpopulate the cities and make unemployment rise.Economic: The Brazilian government would benefit since they would be able to continue to cattle ranch and log on the ground and get money from the ground.The rainforest is deteriorating at a fast rate and if solutions are not produced for the welfare of the rainforest, it would disappear.Environmental: Animals would die since they would be displaced from their habitats and they would not be adapted to live elsewhere.Solutions should be sustainable and benefit the country and rainforest with a solution that not only offers short term but also long term relief that all stakeholders can benefit from.The best solution is to use the FSC label that can be put on not only wood, but also cattle so that it can be sold in the international market and would be trusted since then you know the trees weren’t cut illegally by loggers. This would mean that loggers would start to lose business and won’t be able to log for much longer. However, it could also backfire since the loggers may increase export from the Amazon and offer it at lower prices so that they could sell more.However, if IBAMA police were to monitor the rainforest, loggers are less likely to be able to get the wider areas and to cut illegally. Also, the efforts of campaigners of Greenpeace continued campaigning they could raise more awareness of the rainforest and indigenous people who occupy it and people would then demand the FCS cows or timber more. Also, if MNC ’s take on the FSC label then the Brazilian governments would be forced to control cattle ranching so that these companies can continue buying from them and FCS would be able to approve their cattle. However, this may mean more expensive food for people living abroad.The FSC label would be a good idea to protect the rainforests timber, but it can also be used for the cattle ranching. If demand could be changed outside Brazil for these products so that only timber which has the FSC label can be sold it would mean Brazil will then accustom to the demand and enforce this law.This would also put illegal loggers out of business as they wouldn’t be able to export their products and cannot sell so they would look for more legal solutions and businesses and may therefore decide to work together with the government which would benefit both sides and this would then increase prosperity and the Brazilian government would benefit from and use it wisely. If the same law was applied to cattle then people would demand cattle they know has been looked after well which would generate a peace around the Amazon as the wood is not absued and indigenous peoples homes are not destroyed and Brazil could continue to benefit from the Amazon without the cost of exploiting the forest.

How skills and knowledge acquired in a simulated environment can be Essay

How skills and knowledge acquired in a simulated environment can be transferable to real clinical situations - Essay Example How skills and knowledge acquired in a simulated environment can be transferable to real clinical situations? An independent variable is a variable that the researcher has control over. In this case, the independent variable in the research was the mode of training adopted for nursing education. The manipulation of this variable was attained by assigning differing models of nursing education delivery, which included clinical simulation-based education and actual clinical placement. The dependent variable is the measured element of interest, which is affected in the research, and in this research the dependent variable was the medication errors (Sears et al., 2010, p. 52). The problem presents an opportunity to bridge the gap in knowledge so as to effectively achieve a reduction in medication errors and make appropriate decisions with regard to placements (Sears et al., 2010, p. 52). The study was justified by the fact that most Canadian Schools found it hard to acquire enough clinical placements for their students. As such, it was necessary to determine whether simulations were as effective as actual placements. The confirmation of efficiency would mean that the shortage of clinical placements would be solved through implementation of simulations. The literature review provided is relevant to the study and it cites the need to bridge an identified gap in knowledge as the rationale behind the study. The connection of the study to previous studies is established, but the previous studies are not critically reviewed. The conceptual framework of the study is clearly stated. However, there is no clear summary of the previous literature.

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Performance Management - Essay Example The script shows that whether or not an employee manages to attain the assigned goals also depends upon the extent to which he/she has been facilitated in doing so by the top management. This is the aspect of performance management that is often underemphasized. Achieving company’s goals is not only a horizontal team effort on the part of the employees, but also a vertical team effort wherein top management and everybody done the line forms part of a team. This is a very interesting script. The fact that there are just two characters in it that conduct the dialogue with each other makes the scenario easier to comprehend. The script also provides an example of how peers can educate each other on important concepts like performance management and performance appraisal in a hardly 5-minute talk in the office environment. This not only improves their social connectivity and increases their knowledge, but also helps them develop rapport with each other so as to work productively in the form of