In what ways is Educating Rita effective as a play? :: English Literature

In what ways is Educating Rita effective as a play? 'Educating Rita" is dramatically effective in many ways. It is also recognised as an exceptional play; it was voted "Best comedy of the year" when performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1980, and just three years after release, it had become the fourth most popular play in Britain. There are obviously factors which make it so effective, and I intend to explore these factors. Throughout the play, there are only two characters: this is known as a two-hander. Other characters are only mentioned in the play, but in the film have been cast as parts. It worked well for the film, but I think it lost the closeness which plays such an important part in the theatre. Some people would find this to be tedious, but I think it adds to the intensity and intimacy between the audience and the characters. There is a focus on the two characters which means that the audience can appreciate the relationship between Rita and Frank which is emphasised more than it would be with other characters, and would notice any subtle changes that occur in the play. For example, when Rita starts to use the correct form of speech for talking about literature and uses a higher standard of English. You can see this in Act I, Scene 4 when Frank and Rita were talking about her "Peer Gynt" essay where her response was "Do it on the radio." Frank could not believe what she had written as her entire essay, and in her defense Rita says, "I didn't have much time this week, so I sort of, y'know, encapsulated all me ideas in one line." The audience familiarise with Frank and Rita and we can see more closely what they are feeling and thinking because we know them better. We understand that Rita feels that she is stuck in the lower class and she wants to better herself by "changing from the inside" and taking Literature classes. Frank is a tired, middle-aged man and he can see that the world is passing by but he cannot be bothered to do anything about it. He drinks to try and suppress this feeling: "Life is such a rich and frantic whirl that I need the drink to help me step delicately through it." Both characters are stuck in a rut, but Rita wants to change her situation and is making the effort to achieve that change. We can also sympathise with Rita and Frank because of the closeness between audience and characters, and so this can make otherwise trivial circumstances seem more significant, such as when Rita

Doctors in Training

Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-9-2009 Today begins Part I of the Doctors In Training. com USMLE Step 1 Review Course. Below you will find 20 questions with specific page references to First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2009 edition. Twenty new questions similar to the ones below will arrive every Monday and Thursday to your email address from now until May 14th. These questions encourage you to study for the USMLE now and help you learn the high-yield information in a more active manner.At this point in your USMLE study, I recommend that you spend about 10-12 hours a week reviewing and studying for the USMLE, but do not neglect your present coursework. At the bare minimum, I recommend that you go though these twice weekly questions. I also highly recommend finding a study partner to keep you on-track and make your learning more active rather than simply reading to yourself. Quiz each other with these questions and â€Å"pimp† each other with new questions as you go through First Aid together. Additionally, you should try to go through First Aid at least once prior to the start of Part II of the Doctors In Training. om Step 1 Review in order to get the most out of the course. You can use our study schedules posted online to help make your study plan. If you have any questions, please visit the website at www. DoctorsInTraining. com or contact our office via email or phone. Sincerely, Brian Jenkins, MD What would expect to find in a pt with a lesion of CN XII? CN X? (FA p396) What are some of the distinctive clinical features of Williams syndrome? (FA p93) On which cells would you find CD3 molecules? On which cells would you find CD4 molecules? To what do CD4 molecules bind? On which cells would you find CD8 molecules?To what do CD8 molecules bind? (FA p195) What causes the S1, S2, S3, and S4 heart sounds? (FA p248) Name five or more drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. What is the clinical application for each? (FA p229) What are the main differences between nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome? (FA p445) What are the acidic and basic amino acids? Where can you find high concentrations of basic amino acids? Why are these amino acids found in these areas? (FA p107) What bacteria are known for causing bloody diarrhea? (FA p174) What nerve injury would you suspect in a pt with the following motion deficits? FA p355) †¢ foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion) †¢ loss of plantar flexion †¢ loss of knee jerk †¢ loss of hip adduction What are the leading causes of death in infants? (FA p66) What is the equation for determining a drug’s volume of distribution? (FA p222) What are the clinical features of hyperammonemia? (FA p108) What changes in sleep patterns and sexual anatomy are seen in the elderly? (FA p70) Describe the probe and sample to which the probe binds in the following molecular biology techniques: Southern blot, Northern blot, and Western blot. (FA p86 )What are the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode? What changes in sleep patterns are seen in pts with depression? (FA p423) What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis? (FA p482) Which neoplasm is most commonly responsible for the hormone paraneoplastic syndrome? (FA p218) – ACTH ( Cushing’s syndrome – PTH-related peptide ( hypercalcemia – erythropoietin ( polycythemia – ADH ( SIADH What is the blood supply to the embryonic foregut, midgut, and hindgut? What adult structures arise from these primitive guts? (FA p299) Which tract of the spinal cord relays sensory information from the body?Which tract relays pain and temperature sensation? Which tract relays motor sensation to the body? (FA p388) What is the most common tumor of the salivary gland? What is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary gland? (FA p308) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-11-2009 What is the differe nce between a case-control study, a cohort study, and a clinical trial? (FA p60) Which studies use odds ratios, and which use relative risks? (FA p62) Three days ago you hospitalized a 40-year-old male for myocardial infarction. He has been given all of the usual medications.Today you notice that his platelet count is 30,000. What do you suspect is the cause of his low platelets? (FA p341) What are the different etiologies of Cushing’s syndrome? How is the level of ACTH different in each? (FA p286) Which virus is responsible for the following disease? (FA p166) – croup in children – common cold (2 viruses) – #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children – bronchiolitis in infants (especially premature) How many half-lives does it take for a drug infused at a constant rate to reach 94% of steady state? What variables determine the half-life of a drug? (FA p222)What structures of the inner ear are responsible for the sensation of linear and angular accelera tion? (FA p398) What is the basic equation for cardiac output? What is the Fick principle? What factors affect stroke volume? (FA p245) What are the two most common causes of chronic renal failure? (FA p448) What is the most common cause of Erb-Duchenne palsy? What are the characteristic findings of Erb-Duchenne palsy? (FA p354) What are the signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis? If you suspected polio in a pt with yours, where would you seek to obtain a viral sample from the pt? (FA p389) What are the 3 different eukaryotic RNA polymerases? What type of RNA does each make? (FA p78) How many umbilical vessels are there? Which umbilical vessel has the highest oxygen content? (FA p124) What are Brunner’s glands? (FA p304) What are Peyer’s patches? (FA p303) How can these structures help you identify the location from which a histological specimen was taken? What is the rate-limiting enzyme for ketone synthesis? for cholesterol synthesis? (FA p99) What is the classic triad of symptoms in multiple sclerosis? With what disorders do pts with multiple sclerosis commonly present? (FA p403)Which penicillin fits the following description? (FA p179) – often the drug of choice against Enterococcus sp. – effective against Pseudomonas sp. – good for otitis media because it covers Strep. pneumo. and H. influenza – a/w interstitial nephritis – a/w rash (especially in pt’s with mononucleosis) What class of drugs is used in the treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity? (FA p230) What is the definition of first-degree heart block? (FA p254) What is the classic presentation of a patient with gonococcal arthritis? (FA p363) What is the difference between malingering and factitious disorder? FA p424) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-16-2009 What are the rate-limiting enzymes for the following metabolic processes? (FA p99) †¢ glycogen synthesis †¢ glycogen breakdown â₠¬ ¢ fatty acid synthesis †¢ fatty acid oxidation Which adrenergic antagonists can be used to treat hypertension as well as urinary retention in pts with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? (FA p231) What are the risk factors for colon cancer? (FA p316) What is the difference between prevalence and incidence? (FA p62) What physiology accounts for the automaticity of the AV and SA nodes? FA p252) How does the emphysema caused by smoking differ from the emphysema caused by alpa-1-antitrypsin deficiency? (FA p482) What is the difference between Meissner’s corpuscle and a Pacinian corpuscle? (FA p375) What syndrome causes the triad of sterility, bronchiectasis, and recurrent sinusitis? What is the primary defect in this syndrome? (FA p83) In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes? (FA p445) †¢ foot process effacement (electron microscope) †¢ wire-loop appearance (light microscope) †¢ mesangial deposits of IgA (electron microscope ) crescent-moon shaped lesion (light microscope) †¢ segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis (light microscope) What clinical scenario is most commonly seen in Reye’s syndrome? What are the characteristics of Reye’s syndrome? (FA p317) What would you expect to find in the synovial fluid of a pt with gout? with pseudogout? (FA p363) What effects do prostaglandins and thromboxane have on platelet aggregation? (FA p369) When is a fetus most susceptible to damage from teratogens? What drug used in the treatment of hypertension is a teratogen? What effect does this have on the fetus? FA p122) Distinguish the following types of organ transplant rejection. (FA p206) MechanismTime Frame hyperacute rejection acute rejection chronic rejection What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? (FA p291) What type of collagen is abnormal in patients with Alport’s syndrome? (FA p85) In which order elimination is the rate of elimination proportional to the drug concentration? (FA p223) What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults? in children? (FA p287) What lab abnormalities would you expect to see in a pt with SIADH? (FA p291)What drugs are used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease? (FA p412) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-19-2009 What are the common side effects of beta-blockers? Which pt populations should use caution when taking beta-blockers? (FA p232) What are the signs of right-sided heart failure? What are the signs of left-sided heart failure? (FA p265) What asthma medication fits the following statement (FA p487) †¢ inhaled treatment of choice for chronic asthma †¢ inhaled treatment of choice for acute exacerbations †¢ narrow therapeutic index, drug of last resort blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene †¢ inhibits mast cell release of mediators, used for prophylaxis only †¢ inhaled treatment that blocks muscarinic receptors †¢ inhaled lon g-acting beta-2 agonist †¢ blocks leukotriene receptors What bacterium causes leprosy (AKA Hansen’s disease)? What part of the body is infected? What animal is a reservoir in the US? (FA p148) What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What area of the brain is damaged in this syndrome? (FA p381) Why should a â€Å"Hot T-bone steak† come to mind when someone asks you about interleukins? (FA p199)Compare the leading causes of death in ages 1-14 to those in ages 15-24? (FA p66) What are the side effects of neuroleptic toxicity? (FA p431) What is the composition of a nucleosome? Which histone ties nucleosomes together? (FA p74) What types of preventive services are needed in the following pts? (FA p65) – diabetic – drug abuser – alcoholic – high risk sexual behavior What are the causes of normocytic, normochromic anemia? (FA p332) What 5 classes of medications are used to treat glaucoma? (FA p408) What infections are caused by Chlamydi ae? What is the treatment for most Chlamydia infections? (FA p153)What are the characteristics of thoracic outlet syndrome? (FA p354) What abnormal lab values would lead you to suspect alcoholic hepatitis? (FA p318) What are the most common locations for atherosclerosis? (FA p261) What vitamin deficiencies would you expect to see in a pt with a malabsorption syndrome such as cystic fibrosis or celiac sprue? (FA p94) What types of pancreatic tumors are often seen in MEN type I? (FA p287) What nerves innervate the tongue? (FA p131) What is the classic presenting symptom in a pt with Lyme disease? (FA p151) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-23-2009What are the stages of dying according to Kubler-Ross? (FA p70) Explain the development of the thyroid gland. (FA p131) Which IV anesthetic fits the following description? (FA p411) †¢ a/w hallucinations and bad dreams †¢ most common drug used for endoscopy †¢ used for rapid anesth esia induction †¢ decreases cerebral blood flow (important in brain surgery) What is the mechanism of action and clinical use for methylphenidate? (FA p430) What is the most common urea cycle disorder? What are the findings with this disorder? (FA p108) What change is seen in Barrett’s esophagus? (FA p310)What is the equation for determining a drug’s clearance? (FA p222) What substance activates the classic complement pathway? What substance activates the alternative compliment pathway? (FA p200) In a normal Gaussian curve, what percentage of the sample population falls 1 standard deviation, 2 standard deviations, and 3 standard deviations? (FA p64) What is seen in Budd-Chiari syndrome? What conditions are a/w Budd-Chiari syndrome? (FA p318) What tests can be used to help detect the presence of an MI? (FA p263) What is the equation for calculating the glomerular filtration rate? (FA p437)How long does it normally take for an antidepressant to start working? (FA p4 32) What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporin? (FA p206) In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes? (FA p445) †¢ anti-GBM antibodies (immunoflourescence) †¢ Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions (light microscope) †¢ â€Å"spike and dome† appearance (electron microscope) †¢ â€Å"tram track† of subendothelial humps (electron microscope) †¢ subepithelial humps (electron microscope) The most common cause of osteomyelitis in all patients is Staph. aureus. What organism would you also suspect in a sickle cell pt with osteomyelitis?What about a drug addict with osteomyelitis? (FA p175) What amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis? (FA p74) What is the rate-limiting enzyme for pyrimidine synthesis? for purine synthesis? (FA p99) What are the common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy? (FA p264) What hormone is detected in a positive urine pregnancy test? How long after conception will this hormone first appear in the uri ne? (FA p460) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-26-2009 FYI: The editors of First Aid for Step 1 have recently posted the â€Å"Errata† for their 2009 edition of First Aid.It can be found here: http://firstaidteam. com/updates-and-corrections/ Describe the pathway by which light affects melatonin secretion. (FA p71) What structures give rise to the glomerular filtration barrier? Which disease results from a loss of the negative charge glomerular filtration barrier? (FA p437) What are the three symptoms of pellagra? What are the causes of pellagra? (FA p95) What factors are considered when determining the loading dose and maintenance dose of a medication? (FA p223) What are the two types of diabetes insipidus? What is the cause of each? (FA p291) What is the cause of cystinuria?What is the treatment for cystinuria? (FA p110) What is the WAGR complex? (FA p447) What two drugs are given to those with organophosphate poisoning? (FA p 228) What are some of the common causes of eosinophilia? (FA p327) What antibiotics have the following mechanisms of action? (FA p178) – block DNA topoisomerase – block the synthesis of peptidoglycans – block nucleotide synthesis – block mRNA synthesis Compare the leading causes of death in ages 25-64 to those in ages 65+? (FA p66) What are the risk factors for a fat embolus? What are the risk factors for a pulmonary embolus? (FA p265)What structures arise from the Mesonephric ducts? What other name is given to the Mesonephric ducts? (FA p133) Which lysosomal storage disease fits the following description? (FA p114) †¢ cherry red spot on retina †¢ corneal clouding + mental retardation †¢ no corneal clouding + mental retardation †¢ demyelinating disease affects peripheral nerves †¢ crinkled paper cytoplasm †¢ sphingomyelin buildup †¢ treatment is dialysis †¢ accumulation of galactocerebroside in the brain †¢ acc umulation of glucocerebroside in the brain What are the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever? (FA p267)What are some of the extrapulmonary causes of restrictive lung disease? (FA p482) What drug can be used to treat carcinoid syndrome? (FA p291) What is the difference between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious in Freudian psychoanalysis? (FA p417) conscious- preconscious- unconscious- What muscles compose the rotator cuff muscles? (FA p350) What is the difference between Wernicke’s aphasia, Broca’s aphasia, and conduction aphasia? (FA p381) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 3-2-2009 How do nicotinic acetylcholine receptors differ from muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in their mechanisms of action? FA p225) What structures are injured in an unhappy triad knee injury? (FA p350) Which fungal infection fits the following description? (FA p155- FA p157) – causes diaper rash – opportunist ic mold with septate hyphae that branch at a 45 degree angle – opportunistic mold with irregular nonspetate hyphae that branch at wide angles (>90 degrees) – dimorphic fungi common to SW US (San Joaquin Valley fever) – causes thrush in immunocompromised pts and vulvovaginitis in women – dimorphic fungi with broad-based budding yeast – known for causing pneumonia in AIDS pts ( start Bactrim prophylaxis when CD4

Wound Healing

The third phase of wound healing is granulation phase, which takes place to repair the damaged cells by regenerating new cells. This phase consists of different subphases, which can last up to 4 weeks in the clean and uncontaminated wound. These sub phases do not happen in discrete time frames but constitute an overall and ongoing process. The sub phases are â€Å"fibroplasia, matrix deposition, angiogenesis and re-epithelialization† (Cho & Lo, 1998). The first sub phase of granulation process is fibroplasia. In days 5-7, fibroblasts have migrated into the wound, laying down new collagen of the subtypes I and III. In normal wound healing, early type III collagen predominates but is later replaced by type I collagen. Tropocollagen, which is the precursor of all collagen types, is then transformed within the cell's rough endoplasmic reticulum, where proline and lysine are hydroxylated. After tropocollagen transformation, disulfide bonds are established, allowing 3 tropocollagen strands to form a triple left-handed triple helix, termed procollagen. As the procollagen is secreted into the extracellular space, peptidases in the cell wall cleave terminal peptide chains, creating true collagen fibrils, which mark the hallmark of fibroplasia. After fibroplasia, matrix deposition takes place. In matrix deposition, the wound is first suffused with GAGs and fibronectin produced by fibroblasts. These GAGs include heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and proteoglycans. Then, proteoglycans bond covalently to a protein core and this contributes to matrix deposition. Later, angiogenesis takes place. Angiogenesis is the product of parent vessel offshoots which is known as new vasculature. The formation of new vasculature requires extracellular matrix and basement membrane degradation followed by migration, mitosis, and maturation of endothelial cells. Basic FGF and vascular endothelial growth factor are also involved in the modulating angiogenesis. Finally, re-epithelization occurs with the migration of cells from the periphery of the wound and adnexal structures. This process commences with the spreading of cells within 24 hours. Leter, division of peripheral cells occurs in hours 48-72, resulting in a thin epithelial cell layer, which bridges the wound. In addtition, epidermal growth factors play a key role in this aspect of wound healing (Lynch, Colvin, ; Antoniades, 1989). The last phase of wound healing is remodeling. Remodeling process takes place after the third week, whereby the wound is altered constantly. Constant alteration of wound can last for years after the initial injury occurred. In remodeling, collagen is degraded and deposited in an equilibrium-producing fashion, resulting in no change in the amount of collagen deposited in the wound. In normal wound healing, the collagen deposition reaches a peak by the third week after the wound is created. Then, contraction of the wound takes place following collagen deposition. Wound contraction is an ongoing process resulting in part from the proliferation of the specialized fibroblasts termed myofibroblasts, which resemble contractile smooth muscle cells (Deodhar ; Rana, 1997, para 3). Wound contraction occurs to a greater extent with secondary healing than with primary healing, whereby it leaves a scar in socondary healing. By the 12th week, maximal tensile strength of the wound is achieved although the ultimate resultant scar has only 80% of the tensile strength of the original skin that it has replaced (Brunner ; Suddarth, 2008, p. 38). In brief, the process of wound healing constitutes an array of interrelated and concomitant events of hemostasis, inflammation, granulation and remodeling.

You select the topic of your work. It must have a direct connection Essay

You select the topic of your work. It must have a direct connection - Essay Example The current governors can be competent leaders in the nation and their state. The challenge to incumbent is to mobilize the many resources that are available to them properly to pursue the responsibility entailed by their office today. Since the year 1985, the America state has made statutory and constitutional changes to grant governors more powers. Governors have more formal powers in the American government. To fulfill the roles given to them, governors must have a variety of resources, tools and powers at their disposal (Kousser & Justine 43). Some of these powers come from the office of the governor itself and are referred to us institutional or formal powers. In case the gubernatorial office provides limited formal powers, the governors turn to other available resources to succeed in his or her endeavors (Kousser & Justine 105). There are four aspects of formal powers that governors are provided for. First, there is the budget power which is the degree of state control in preparing the budget for the state. Second is the tenure potential which determines the length of the terms that the governors is eligible to be in office. Next is the power of appointment that provides him or her the gubernatorial control of appointing essential state administrators and finally they have the veto powers, which is the power to oppose any legislation that they don’t agree with. The branch of the executive is in charge of administering state laws whereby the governor is responsible for overseeing this process. For the governor to effectively carry out these responsibilities, he or she has to have a bigger say in the appointment of officers who are in charge of administering these laws. This power of appointment is an important asset for the governors. Recent research has shown that a state administrator who are directly appointed by the governor will more like respond to his or her political and administrative preference (Margaret 200)..

The Development of The Dadaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Development of The Dadaism - Essay Example The essay "The Development of The Dadaism" explores the Graphic Design and the Connection to Dadaism. In looking at the development of Dadaism, its origins and theoretical concepts, one can make a close association with contemporary graphic design development. The most difficult thing about discussing Dada is that those who created the work that they proclaimed Dada, all had differing definitions and vague referencing to what would define it. In fact, a lack of definition is at the core of what became the Dada movement. However, as in all things, time has created some context from which the Dada period can be referenced. As well, the core of the philosophies that were developed during the time was a sense that the world was in turmoil and that an anarchists ideal was what was needed to strike a note against the corruptions and political climates that had contributed to World War. In fact, Dadaists created a manifesto to discuss the ‘demands’ of the movement toward promot ing change. Richard Huelsenbeck and Raoul Hausmann created a manifest that outlined the principles and expectations of the Dadaists on society. Within the manifest were such demands as the immediate mechanization of all labor so that mankind could be free to think and create, as well as the immediate seizure of all land so that property was no longer valued and food was dispersed to all people. While based on Marxian theory, some anarchists did not actually join the Communist Party, while others did in protest of the bourgeoisie.

Too big to fail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Too big to fail - Essay Example However there is another school of thought that correlates size with stability and calls the ‘too big to fail’ a farce. According to this thought stability of big names comes from high investor confidence, well-framed insurance policies and regulations etc. The big names are associated with trust and long-term customer relationship. However, the big banks increase the systematic risks causing smaller banks to collapse. Also with the size increases monopoly in the economy with larger names hoarding over the business scene with little or no advantage to the smaller players. This unfair treatment creates resentment in the smaller units and thus the level playing field is not achieved. Having used many interventions in the past years, the Fed has now somewhat taken a back seat towards protecting the large banks. As the huge structures demand huge funds which are simply unavailable to save them nowadays. This brings us to the Dodd-Frank Act that was enacted in 2010 as a preventive measure after the 2008 crises. ‘ Its first objective is to limit the risk of contemporary finance – what critics often call the shadow banking system; and the second is to limit the damage caused by the failure of a large financial institution.’ (Skeel, 2011) This act has made some regulatory changes, identifying non-banking financial system and regulating bank holding companies. An important part of this act is the Volcker Rule that refrains US banks to enter into speculative investments, thus keeping the commercial banks separate from the investment banks. Thus the size brings stability and returns leading to economic growth for a country. But overdoing of goodness turns bitter and in the same manner a bank too big will eventually topple over and when it does the smaller units will be crushed under it. The too big to fail slogan is right but only to a certain extent as the government will

A governing body should not be able to dictate an artist's work Essay

A governing body should not be able to dictate an artist's work - Essay Example The nature of art, particularly in the 20th century, functions to push the boundaries on acceptability and develop new perspectives on the world. In these regards, the notion that a governing body would seek to regulate an artist’s work is antithetical to the very nature of artistic production. Still, it’s clear that in some situations artists act not with integrity, but simply in a way designed to garner attention and sensationalism. Furthermore, governing bodies are oftentimes responsible for choosing works of art that are meant to function to beautify city structures or serve a specific atmospheric purpose. In these situations, the artist enters a contract with the governing body. I believe then that the artist is responsible for producing works that functions within the designated context. Still, from an overarching perspective, it’s clear that governing bodies should have limited to no involvement in the regulation of art. Allowing these institutions to regu late art stifles not merely the creativity of the artist, but the collective creative spirit of the society; all of these are elements that are essential to the progress of society, its continued innovation, and economic