Roberto Assagiolis Psychosynthesis: Role in Counselling

Roberto Assagiolis Psychosynthesis Role in CounsellingMurray SheretStudents will examine the ideas of genius of the theorists introduced in class. They will relate these ideas to their induce meaning-m likeg op epochte and their conception of the manipulation of the counsellor and the practice of counselor. The essay will contain reference to the pertinent body of academician literature, including both essential(a) feather and secondary sources.Roberto Assagiolis Psychosynthesis The mystical is non how the world is, that that it is. Ludwig WittgensteinThis essay will explore the concepts and practice of psychosynthesis plot of ground relating these ideas to my own meaning- devising process and my conception of the role of the counsellor and the practice of counselling.Psychosynthesis, the functional psychological approach founded by Italian psychiatrist Roberto Assagioli, integrates the wisdom of an eclectic array of psychological and philosophical traditions, includi ng Jungian psychology, psychoanalysis, experiential psychology, Buddhism, yogic traditions and Christian esoteric study ( browned, 1983, p. 30).Psychosynthesis recognises two original symmetrys of human growth which ar the single(a)(prenominal) and transpersonal symmetrys. The personal dimension is concerned with the meaning and desegregation of our personal existence, with the love of being significant and effective in the world (Brown, 1983, pp. 30-31). The transpersonal dimension of growth involves spiritual study and practices, artistic and creative expressions, contemplation and disbelieving of ultimate, universal meaning in which we seek the meaning and break up of the big reality (Brown, 1983, pp. 31). Included in both the new(prenominal) dimensions is the interpersonal dimension which is integral to achieving balanced growth in both dimensions as it doer fulfilling interpersonal relationships within our families, our circles of friends, and our communities (Bro wn, 1983, p. 31).Assagioli conceived of the individual as being a high- strength interrelation of The displace unconscious mind, the middle unconscious, the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) unconscious or superconscious, the electron orbit of instinct, the conscious self-importance or I, and the higher self (Assagioli, 2000, pp. 15-17). The attri exceptes of these sundry(a) aspects comprise of various psychological, stirred up, psychic, steamy, sensate and spiritual functions. However, of some pertinence to detect here ar the attributes of the conscious self or I which Assagioli asserts is the brain of pure self aw areness, the centre of our consciousness which is non to be humbled with the changing contents of cardinals consciousness (thoughts, feelings, sensations etc) (Assagioli, 2000 p. 16), and the higher self which is the conscious, permanent, ever resign centre the full-strength self (Assagioli, 2000, p.16).Psychosynthesis hunts to discoer sub-personalities which are at a lower placestanded to be constellations of behaviours, feelings, and thought that are left over from a time when they were take for survival, to meet lower level necessarily (Brown, 1983, p. 27). Once ascertained the choke and so becomes assisting the I to disidentify from the sub-personalities enough so that unitary can then recognise and honour its initial purpose (Brown, 1983, p. 27). A multi staged surmise style disidentification exercises are utilise to achieve this. Psychosynthesis instructor Molly Brown explains the larger aim of this exercise, The I can then reclaim this purpose and its forget energy firearm letting go of the specific behaviours and attitudes that no longer serve (Brown, 1983, p. 27). A range of psychotherapeutic methods are used to explore the depths of the lower unconscious in order to uncover the immature images that silently dominate us, the phantasms and fears that paralyse us and the conflicts that waste our energies (Assag ioli, 2000, p. 19). The regions of the middle and higher unconscious that house our un cognise abilities and higher potentialities are like wise explored.The offset stage of the psychosynthesis process involves ascertaining the unparalleled existential situation of the client (Assagioli, 2000, p. 5). The healer and client school together to jointly gain a arrant(a) knowledge of the clients personality. Then follows the activation of their latent aspects and functions along with the interruptment of the fatigued ones through the use of the active techniques suitable for for each one task (Assagioli, 2000, p. 5). Psychosynthesis uses some techniques aimed at the development and perfection of the personality and its harmonious ongoing optical fusion with the Self (Assagioli, 2000, p. 94). Among these are, Self-identification, disidentification, development of the provide, homework and use of the imagination, visualisation, auditory evocation of other sensations, technique o f ideal models and symbol utilisation and the technique for the use of intuition. abutting the individual learns to gain control over the various elements of their personality. The psychological belief this is based on whitethorn be formulated as We are dominated by everything which our self becomes identified. We can dominate and control everything from which we dis-identify ourselves. The school principal becomes then to what extent can we identify ourselves with the true Self and disidentify ourselves from the non-self (Gerard, 1961, p. 3). The work is then aimed at assisting one to become aware that their conscious self is non their ultimate reality and identity, this then bothows them to realise their true Self, the uncovering of their unifying centre (Gerard, 1961, p. 4).As psychosynthesis utilises a range of therapeutic approaches it is indeed capable of attending to symptoms at m either assorted levels of consciousness, this approach style the therapist is less like ly to interpret a deeper state of consciousness as pathological or to apply an inappropriate therapeutic technique based on such(prenominal) misinterpretation (Brown, 1983, p. 7). I appreciate Assagiolis therapeutic disposition here as this mode of therapy seems to conceive of the psychological and emotional struggles of the client as being symptoms of an existential difficulty with living sort of than a pathology awaiting categorisation. The central purpose of psychosynthesis is brought astir(predicate) in concert with the work of developing and activating the various aspects and functions of the individual. Assagioli described this as the harmonisation and integration into one carrying into action full-length of all the qualities and functions of the individual (Assagioli, 2000, p.5).What follows is the development and training of the Will, the concept of which is central to psychosynthesis. Assagioli defines the use of Will as,the ability to develop that outline which is m ost effective and which entails the smashingest economy of effort, rather than the strategy that is most direct and obvious. The most effective and satisfactory role of the Will is not as a source of direct power or force, but as that function which, being at our command, can stimulate, regulate, and direct all the other functions and forces of our being so that they may lead us to our shape close (Assagioli, 2000, p. 47).Assagioli asserted that The Will is that function which is most directly connect to the Self- the individual generally is not aware of his Self, and consequently he is that as unaware of the direct function of the Self, the Will (2000, p. 111). The psychosynthetic concept of Will marries beautifully with my understanding of the human condition which I have arrived at through my own lived experience. Seemingly one remains a victim of circumstance when they are operating though old meanss of functioning that have become ways of coping rather than living. When old wounds and outdated ways of being are sufficiently apprehended and integrated the individual is offered an opportunity to align themselves with their Will and their spiritual essence, the conscious self and the higher self as psychosynthesis refers to them. To be aligned with ones Will in this way is to have life live itself through you, the individual becomes more akin to hollow bamboo, a conduit through which spirit may express itself. though this is an ongoing process of unfoldment rather than a final destination to be arrived at. I feel we are indeed beings that tend towards ever increase levels of integration and self-actualisation and as such, by denying part of our being or experience we subvert our potential and hinder our capacity for adaptive living. With sufficient increase one may begin to live their highest purpose with creativity, spontaneity and love. Psychosynthesis teacher Molly Brown asserts that The development of the Will involves the union of its various a spects, strength, expertness and goodness which then becomes loving Will, the expression of love through our willed acts (2004, p. 121). there are several stages for the development of the Will, the first consists of screen background a goal or finding a purpose to be achieved and then setting an intention as to what purpose or goal towards which the Will is to be directed (Assagioli, 2000, p.113). Then follows valuation and motivation. The consideration of motivation involves the uncovering of unconscious drives as the function of the Will is to utilise them and insure their cooperation in the attaining of the elect purpose (Assagioli, 2000, p. 113). Motivation inevitably implies valuation as the aim or purpose towards which the Will is to be directed moldiness have an burning exacting valuation (Assagioli, 2000, p. 113). This process is then followed by a decimal quest of deliberation and consideration of various factors relating to the value and attainability of the goal o r purpose (Assagioli, 2000, p. 113).The next stage in the use of the Will involves making a volitional finis, a conscious choice to direct the Will at a particular purpose. Assagioli stresses that this is a difficult stage as it involves choice and the difficulty in making a voluntary decision is that the individual, either clearly or obscurely, realises that decision involves responsibility, that decision is an act of license which inevitably involves responsibility (2000, p. 114). The next step is affirmation which involves the cultivation of faith. Assagioli avows that this is not simply a belief but a living ever-changing faith, raze more, an assured conviction (2000, p. 114). He goes on to affirm that, At the very least there must be a willingness to commence, to take risks, in a spirit of adventure (2000, p. 114). The affirmation becomes a command or declaration make to oneself with intensity as the power of the affirmation determines the degree of its effectiveness (Assa gioli, 2000, p. 114).Meaning is inherent in this physical body of choice and responsibility. This is the act of consciously taking command of ones power and asserting it in the world while perceiving ones own actions as valuable, meaningful and worthy.The following stage of psychosynthesis is planning in which ones activity, the steps of which having been previously visualised, is organised in a clearly sketch program that is aimed at the realisation of the ultimate purpose or goal (Assagioli, 2000, p. 114). The final stage is the direction and execution of the action which requires two qualities in particular of the Will, firstly, the dynamic power of the Will (one pointed driving energy), and secondly, persistence or endurance (Assagioli, 2000, p. 115). The culmination of these processes yields in one discovering their unifying centre, the realisation of their true Self. They experience psychosynthesis itself, the formation or reconstruction of a personality about the impuden tly discovered centre (Gerard, 1961, p. 4).The process of psychosynthesis speak directly to my highest ideals of counselling as I was once pulled aside by a wise man who put me through a similar process. Aside from large-minded me the opportunity to face the moderate beliefs I had long held about myself he gave me permission to take myself seriously. This was a profound act. I was compelled to disidentifiy with many limiting sub-personalities and thought forms that had kept me from living my purpose. What more meaning could there be than to identify ones authentic path in life and set about dissolving that which is not in service to it. While the healing of emotional wounds is a worthy initial goal for counselling the directing of the newly integrated self towards its highest purpose is a much richer objective. To see community not only heal but to consciously expand and blow up is the raison detre of my work as a counsellor.As each has been shaped by their native experience, t he therapist and client may have widely different ideas about the tender meaning and function of therapy. A client may only recognise therapy as a service capable of smaller more than lessening the effects of troubling symptoms, though I would consider the lessening of ones symptoms to be a small part of their larger process of becoming or self-actualisation. However, such notions need not be made overt in the course of therapy if they are irrelevant to the contextual needs of the client.By its very nature, counselling confers an obligation on its practitioners to reflect on their own ideologies and refine their epistemology. A therapist must wrestle with the existential reality of being, to confront the nature of suffering, love, death, hope, emptiness, consciousness and transcendence. Assagioli argued that a human psychology cannot be complete without including the so-called spiritual dimension, our relationship to the cosmos and to our highest ideals (2000, p. 34).Constructivis t psychologies preference towards the exploration of human beings tendency toward creating systems for meaningfully understanding their worlds and experiences (Raskin, 2002, p. 1) is a positive element to be adding to my therapeutic approach, though the schism between differing constructivist positions must first be resolved. A therapy that values preceding(prenominal) all the primacy of the clients matte experience is able to transcend the dichotomy that exists between realism and idealism, epistemic constructivism and hermeneutic constructivism while still engaging the utility each unique perspective provides when its appropriate to the clients needs. Whether or not we can know a thing independently of the mind or not matters little in the face of whatever the clients felt experience happens to be. The meaning the client is making of their experience is primary to the therapeutic task. The question of to what degree can constructions of reality be discovered through observation and to what degree are such discoveries heuristic fictions (Raskin, 2002, p. 3) is of faraway less concern than the lager question of is the meaning thats being created or discovered by the client life enhancing or life negating? My own opinion is that there are indeed fundamental truths to be known and engaged with. Whether or not these truths exist independently of my mind or not is of little consequence for the purposes of my growth. What matters is that these truths are experienced as fundamental to me, my meaning making, my felt experience, and in this way they may well be, as philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein said, true enough (1998, p. 43). The hermeneutic constructivist notion that knowledge and truth are contextually verifiable rather than universally valid, socially negotiated rather than cognitively and individually produced (Raskin, 2002, p. 4) cozy ups the lack of capacity human beings have to share a truth with one another should they stumble upon one. Philosopher Ter ence McKenna eloquently encapsulated this sentiment when he said What hubris it would be to expect that the small-mouth noises of English could encompass being. No, these are lower dimensional slices of a reality that is ultimately unitary, ineffable, unspeakable, and dazzling (McKenna, 1992). Assagioli affirmed his remark for the ineffable nature of transpersonal realities when he averred, Psychosynthesis does not aim nor attempt to apportion a metaphysical nor a theoretical explanation of the nifty mystery- it leads to the door, but stops there (Assagioli, 2000, pp. 6-7).Inspired therapy impels clients towards meaningfully understanding their lived experience as among its treasurers meaning offers understanding, a sense of locating oneself in ones story and ultimately arriving at the empowering conclusion that they have taken a position of authorship. The practice of psychosynthesis beautifully honours the clients inner world of subjective experience (Bugental, 1987, p. 46) by ascertaining and working with the unique existential situation of each client. Psychosynthesis is an act of love which assists the client to identify with their authentic self while striving for the realisation of their highest aspirations that which is imbued with greatest personal meaning. The various experiential processes nurture perspective and catalyse inspired and adaptive living while connecting one to that function which is most directly related to the Self the Will. Once sufficiently aligned with their Will a person may experience themselves in a world infused with meaning and filled with purpose. There may yet be, in the corner of their eye, beyond their confident stare, a flicker of intimate that they themselves are Willing their own reality into existence.Reference ListAssagioli, R. (2000). Psychosynthesis A collection of basic writings. Massachusetts, USA Synthesis Centre Editions.Assagioli, R. (1974). The act of will. radical York, NY Penguin.Brown, M. (2004). U nfolding self The practice of psychosynthesis. revolutionary York, NY Allworth Press.Bugental, J. (1987). The art of the psychotherapist How to develop the skills that take psychotherapy beyond science. sunrise(prenominal) York, NY Norton Company, Inc.Gerard, R. (1961). Psychosynthesis A psychotherapy for the whole man. Massachusetts, USA Synthesis Centre Editions.McKenna, T. (Speaker). (1992). Hermeticism and alchemy. (Digital recording). Colorado, USA Sounds True Publishing.Raskin, J. (2002). Psychology, radical constructivism, and social constructivism. American Communication Journal, 5 (3) 1-4.Wittgenstein, L. (1998). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. New York, NY Dover Publication Inc.Lyndon B Johnsons Great Society Programs synopsisLyndon B Johnsons Great Society Programs AnalysisWere Johnsons great hunting lodge programmes a failure?In 1969, electric chair Lyndon Baines Johnson left office after having earlier declared that he would not seek, or accept the re prefaceativ e nomination for the next presidential election. It was an resentful end for an administration that boasted greater social legislative achievement than any that preceded it and fundamentally altered the basis on which American social constitution was organize. The primary debacle that can be said to account for the decease of the Johnson presidency was the protracted and costly US involvement in Vietnam. Although it was under the Kennedy administration that the US first became embroiled in Vietnam, it was Johnson who accelerated such developments and accordingly has gone down in history as the primary protagonist in one of Americas most discordant conflicts.However, are such calamities enough to justify the claim that Johnsons great rescript programmes were a failure? After all, the legislative vigor with which he attempted to address Americas pressing social douses was admirable. The obliging Rights Act of 1964 outlawed racial discrimination in public places, such as hotels , restaurants and public transport. It likewise developed significant political rights, in particular franchise extensions for Americas less advantaged. As a parallel drive, Johnson also announced his war on meagreness which was transfer with the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) and Economic opportunity Act of 1964. pastime an overwhelming election victory in 1964 Johnson accelerated the great society programmes with a spate of legislative achievements. 1965 saw 115 presidential recommendations for legislation, with an above average 90 being approved. However, although in 1965 the great society programmes appeared to be a resounding success, later assessment has cast doubt over just how much praise should be lavished upon the Johnson administrations legislative achievements.The overriding deal that dominates the discussion on the success of the great society is Vietnam. As individual retirement account Katznelson has noted, both the great society programmes and the war Viet nam were formed on the equal ideological basis. This basis was the establishment and conservation of democratic principles abroad, whilst simultaneously reinvigorating the democratic process at home. As such, she argues that the two drives were so interconnected and reliant upon one anothers success, that it was impossible to hope that the great society could be successful in light of the failure in Vietnam. This is an consummate assessment which is adhered to by a majority of writers on the subject and one to which I offer my own endorsement.However, leaving aside the volatile issue of Vietnam and its repercussions on the great society initiatives, is it possible to see successes if we look at the great society programmes in their entirety. Prominent amongst the voices of dissension is the leading academic George Gilder, who argues that above all the great society legislation (and the New upsurge and Fair Deal that preceded it) created a situation that led to a credence on stat e security benefits. Ultimately, the great society legislation was formed on an historical basis that had begun with Roosevelts New Deal and vie a significant role in halting draw close in terms of societal betterment. Gilder asserts that although Johnsons war on poverty was well motivated, it even so did more to prolong and exacerbate Americas poverty problem than alleviate it. A climate of dependency was therefore created that allowed people living in poverty to continue doing so, instead of achieving progress and betterment through their own endeavor. As such, Gilder argues that there developed a necessity, to reverse the great society legislation and the negative refer it had on US societal progress. The Reagan administration, along with its emphasis upon the individual was the inherent result of this situation and the overall failure of the great society programmes.However, although Gilders arguments present a coherent and systematic approach to the question, he still fails to highlight the groundbreaking nature of the great society programmes. Gary Gerstle, although operating from a point of view relatively similar to Gilders offers us a further detailed assessment. He argues firstly that the great society programmes failed to address the question of income diffusion adequately and as such had a long term impact upon the problem. This impact was so widespread, affecting in particular black communities that even before the election of Ronald Reagan in 1981 there was a significant set forth between rich and poor in America, which could easily be traced along racial lines. As such, Gerstle sees the inability to redress this imbalance as the primary failure of the great society.In conclusion, it is clear that there were serious flaws in the great society programmes initiated by Lyndon Johnson. Many of these deficiencies took years to present themselves and impact greatly on the America that developed in the brook Vietnam period. However, it is also the case that the great society heralded a new era in the relationship between the individual and the state. Just as with the post war Labour government in Britain, the great society ushered in a revolutionary way of conceptualizing state intervention and although the seeds for such a transition may have been sown much earlier, it remains nonetheless a marked achievement of the Johnson administration. It would be easy to conclude that such developments came to abrupt halt and even reversal in the 1980s with the Reagan administration. However, I feel it is short sited to view this era as one of coil back the achievements of Democratic Party of the 1960s. It is true that significant revisions were made to the great society legislation however the bulk of it remained unchanged. Therefore, it remains the foundation on which modern American democracy and equality stand.BibliographyFraser, Steve and Gerstle, Gary. The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order 1930-1980. New Jersey Princeton Un iversity Press, 1989.Katz, Michael B. Ed. The Underclass debate Views from history. New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1993.Schulman, Bruce J. Lyndon B Johnson and American Liberalism A Brief Biography with Documents. capital of Massachusetts Bedford Books, 1995.

Benefits Of Ict In Education Education Essay

Benefits Of Ict In Education Education EssayICT has so m each advantages in the acquisition and program line process. Classroom management is unrivaled of them that gained benefits from ICT. According to experienced teachers who practice session ICT in their schoolrooms that ICT may make the categoriseroom controlling more(prenominal) effortless beca give ICT offer ups materials that make the class more raise and easy to control (Cox and Webb, 2004). The existence of several(prenominal) sorts of ICT tools gives the class former(a) weather of learnedness especi all in ally in terms of visual and auditory development. gum olibanum the definition of schoolroom management Content management go pasts when teachers manage space, materials, equipment, the attempt of good deal, and lessons that argon part of a curriculum or program of studies (Froyen Iverson, 1999, p. 128). This managing exit lead to organizing students behaviour.Jacob Kounin (1970) has vital studies ab come in effective classroom management, which obtained to systematic results in classroom management techniques. Also, he found critical dimensions of effective class control containing the pastime issues withitness teachers know what each pupil is doing they have eyeball in the back of their heads so are able to pay concern to several things at the same sequenceLetting pupils know what behavior is expected of them at any given point in timeSmoothness teachers are able to hunt down pupil behavior verbally or non- verbally without having to interrupt teaching methodMaintaining group focus and interest.Leask and Pachler(200544)ICT is fountainhead(p) for teachers too, to discipline students deportments in the class. In withitness teachers never are busy with other things in the class while answering a question or other activities (Leask and Pachler, 2005). They should pay their attention to students behaviour even they observe them out of the corner of their eye, it go out be good. In addition, students know what they are breathing out to do next time. Finally, in smoothness teachers routine efficient techniques that guide students in a way, which does not lead to a noisy expectard atmosphere in the class, scarcely without interrupting teaching process.ICT and MotivationThe British learningal communication theory and technology agency (Becta, 2003) has a research about ICT and motivation, which reports that regular use of ICT across various curriculum subjects, may have a utilizable motivational impact on students learning (cited in Cox, 1997). It is clear that students stand more time in front of their tasks by using ICT ilk computer than other methods such as classic method, which was manual, which is manual. ICT may take in discipline problems and decrease them. Moreover, students who used ICT for educational reasons in school get hold more successful were more motivated to learn and have increase self-confidence and self-esteem (cited in Software and information industry tie-in 2000). For example, while writing a paragraph by hand in that location is no grammar check to correct mistakes, but while ICT programs such as Microsoft Office word, which allow detect most of the spelling and grammar mistakes. This process will encourage and motivate students certainly.Leask and Pachler, 2005 refer that the impaCT2 project evaluated the motivation of students through 15 case studies in their books. Researchers found that ICT not only encourages students to become more concentrated on the task. ICT likewise was seen by some teachers to reform both the competency and cognitive functioning (Cited in Comber et al., 2002, p. 9).Effective learning and teaching with ICTIn the late of 20th century and with the beginning of 21st century, ICT has contend roles from simple to vital roles particularly in developed countrys school. Learning and teaching process become more effective by using ICT.The use of ICT has developed in di fferent ways to meet the inevitably of learners in different curricular areas. The use of ICT potful help learners be original be a useful aid to problem solving provide ready access to a world of knowledge and research and improve the quality of presentation.(2004, p. 7)ICT assisted students to be more creative in their learning process and it is a beneficial support for problem solving by using different ICT facilities such as software programs, Internet, and printer. Today, learners have thousands of resources by using ICT in condition while sitting in their habitation not by searching for knowledge in libraries. Presentations became visual and auditory for students in addition to using software programs like power point. However, all these factors need effective teachers and managements or administrators to apply and achieve these effective benefits on students.The educational effectiveness of ICTs depends on how they are used and for what purpose. And like any other educati onal tool or mode of educational deli very(prenominal), ICTs do not work for everyone, everywhere in the same way. (Tinio(2002), p. 19). The useful use of ICT in educational and pedagogic fields falsifys from person to person and from base to place. It bases on how they are practiced and for which reason. Undoubtedly, some educators use technology in particular computer and the Internet more expeditiously than others. They know very well how they use it and when or where and for which occasion. Hence, teaching students the effective use of ICT especially in enhancing access and raising quality is another reason to invoke students performance by using ICT and gaining more.The Barriers or Obstacles to the evolution and desegregation of ICT in educationIn the twentieth century schools encounter a snatch of backbreakingies including integration of information and communication technologies into the teaching and learning, education curriculum and miscellanea in methods in pursui t of developing learner lifelong learning skills (Sabaliauskas and Pukelis, p. 1). Undoubtedly, this is a complex process to change the system of learning and teaching from a traditional method to ICT method. Some people like (Schoepp, 2005) called difficulties as barriers. A barrier is defined as any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective (Schoepp, 2005, p. 2).There are numerous barriers or difficulties that stand up in front of the development of ICT in education. Teacher-level barriers are lack of teacher confidence, competence and resistance to change negative attitudes. Also, there are school-level barriers, which are lack of time, lack of effective training, lack of accessibility, and lack of technical support (Bingimlas, 2009, p. 237- 241)Disadvantages of ICTObviously, there are several kinds of drawbacks of ICT in the classroom or outside classroom. The costs of equipments are so expensive that prevent more schools to purchase. Someti mes, students engage with ICT tools for other purposes. Also, ICT is not beneficial usually for saving data and information because the potential errors may occur in the Windows program or other software programs and hacking by others.The following disadvantages give a list of objectives that staff and facilitators may be take to deal with should problems occur throughout using the ICT equipment. Cost Distractions Reliability scathe Safety Hacking(Anon, 2008, http//www. freshlyman.ac.uk/Students_websites/s.r.i.whitton/Advantages%20%20disadvantages.htm)Integrating ICT throughout the curriculumJhurree (2005) states that the educational and pedagogical mend happen throughout the world to promote educational level. The integration of ICT in education system is one of them. The effective integration of ICT into classroom needs a systematic plan and scheme. Also, it depends on the policy makers how well understand the dynamics of incorporate of ICT. Yet, ICT has been a complex issue b ecause it will change the education completely.The difference that ICT will make in education is conditioned by what education wants to realize with ICT in the context of its needs and strategic ends. The educators must have developed the practice. It begins by good plan that provides the real state of the learners based on globally accepted curricular standards. The value of the ICT tools to make a difference is dependent on the educators appellation of the instructional outcomes, methods and materials that ICT can bring efficiently and effectively deliver for the teachers and the learners(Macasio, J. (2008), http//aralaneteacher.ning.com/ fabrication/topics/integrating-ict-in-teaching)Levine (1998) emphasises that the significance of planning, which is based on serious school needs thusly to be achievable and realistic. The scheme or policy should be unimaginative to solve or change the school situation and to improve learning environments that will be effective. To attain obje ctives that have not been attained efficiently otherwise expanding access, promoting equality, improving the internal efficiency of educational systems, enhancing the quality of education, and preparing new and old generations for a technology-driven market place (Haddad and Jurich, 2002, p. 47). The integrating ICT into education offers many useful factors such as an evolved learning environment for learners by large(p) motivation that make them to work with instruction interestingly and efficiently. ICT has the capability for reservation instruction easier, more challenging and motivating for teachers. Nowadays, it is possible to contact with people throughout the world by using ICT especially computer and the Internet.Teachers shrink from a crucial professional role in ensuring that the integration of ICT into pedagogies is educationally sound. They evaluate the appropriateness and effectiveness of available technologies, deciding when and how to use them with their students.( MCEETYA (2005), p. 4). Teachers integrating ICT into their education need suitable learning activities and facilities to motivate, engage, and personalize learning. Also, developing ICT literacy establishes communities of learning.ICT and appraisalPreviously, teachers were assessing their students in different methods such as exam, quiz, writing essay, assignments, and oral exams, but all these methods were inside the class. Nowadays, information communication technology has changed the situation by using computer and the Internet but it is in the beginning of the loop. Students can send their assignment to their teacher by e-mail or exams and also (open-book structured timed).Participation in online discussionsPublication of student work /presentations experiential activities, such as role-playDebatesReviewsJournals and reflection(Anon, http//learnline.cdu.edu.au/t4l/elearning/onlineassessment.htmloptions)These are all methods that give students an fortune to access online and sha re their ideas and requirements?As can be seen, assessment opportunities making use of the web are still rather similar to non-computerized methods and frequently only use computer communication to submit or colour on students work in traditional ways. Where computer testing per se is used it often comprises short answers and multiple- choice questionsLeask and Pachler(2005136)

Are Grades Distributed Fairly English Language Essay

Are Grades Distributed Fairly position Language EssayElliott Miles, a retired educator and university president, discusses a disturbing tailor on college campuses graze splashiness. Before you read, think of these questions In the American teaching method arranging, what does a grade of A mean? A grade of B, C, D? What just about a grade of F? In your university courses, what grades do to the highest degree students put one over? Do you think the grades are distributed fairly(1) Most American universities today still use the traditional grading system of A-B-C-D-F, with A meaning brilliant, B good, C satisfactory or average, D dissatisfactory but passing, and F of course failing. While some feel that this system has shortcomings (too inexact, too artificial, too subjective), it does represent the possible range of a students run, and about students and faculty fellow members are comfortable or at least beaten(prenominal) with it. So far so good. However, American un iversities since the mid 1960s corroborate increasingly been affected by the line of work of grade inflation. This refers to the tendency of m both an separate(a)(prenominal) faculty members to over- label the quality of a students work and consequently to mete out her/him a grade higher than the work deserves. The reason this practice is called inflation, a terminus borrowed from economics, is that it resembles paying too high a price for a given item, for example twenty dollars for a loaf of bread. The problem is common among American universities, including even our most prestigious institutions, such as Harvard. As Craig cubic decimetre reports in his member Desperately Seeking Summa, the grade of A at that place accounted for about twenty-deuce percent of all grades in 1966-67, whereas by 1991-92 it had sire to account for forty-three percent almost double.(2) The trend toward inflated grades began in the mid-1960s probably because that was a time of great unrest on college campuses in the United States. There were widespread student protests against the Vietnam War and civil potency in general, frequently with the support and participation of the faculty. Under these circumstances, grading standards began to shake up for the worse. Faculty members became to a greater extent than(prenominal) and more unwilling to give students a D, let alone an F the grade of C came to denote a nominal pass, B to represent satisfactory, and A to mean better than a B. Today, students and faculty a wish well have this new, watered-down system in their heads, although their universitys official grading indemnity may be un tackd from earlier times.(3) Why is this a problem? After all, a student is unlikely to feel put upon if his/her work is over-valued. However, when a faculty member records that a student has done glorious work, when in fact the work might only be charming good or merely fair, that faculty member has committed two crackings. First, he/s he has told a lie about the students work, misrepresenting the students achievements. How would we react if the misrepresentation went the other track if the student had done excellent work, but the faculty member assigned a grade of B or even C? This would strike us all as dreadful, yet faculty members who assign falsely high grades are showing equally faulty judgment. inaccurate grading is inaccurate grading, no matter which direction it takes.(4) The second fault is that the faculty member has broken faith with all those who will be harmed by the dishonesty. Most obvious among these are the students who really did do excellent or good work. It is grossly unfair to students who progress toed real As or Bs if their accomplishments are devalued by the lax standards utilize to others. To illustrate with an example from the workplace would it be fair for two employees to receive the same raise when one had done excellent work and the other only mediocre?(5) Grade inflation also ha rms anyone who must evaluate a students record, such as admissions officers at other universities and at pro schools. For instance, medical and law schools never have enough spaces for all applicants and wherefore must choose only the best qualified. When admissions officers evaluate the transcript of a student who received inflated grades as an under graduate, they get a false inclination of that students past performance as well as his/her potential for future success in a rigorous headmaster curriculum. For a similar reason, potential employers are harmed when they are presented with an inflated faculty member transcript faced with seemingly equal candidates, they may give a desirable position to a less deserving applicant because they had a false understanding of that persons actual abilities.(6) And finally, our society at large is harmed because grade inflation undermines the integrity of the universities, which is one of our greatest assets. If university faculty members cannot be certain(p) to give an honest evaluation of each students academic work, public shame will inevitably set in and rightly so. The solution to the problem, though difficult, is simple each faculty member should make a cognizant decision to assign grades based on the actual quality of a students work, realizing that not every student will be able to earn the highest, or even the second highest, grade. One of my former students made the bloom very concisely in an essay that she wrote on grade inflation Lets put the excellence back in the A.Author of wordElliott Miles title of respect of articleLets Put the Excellence Back in the A style of the bookRefining Composition Skills Rhetoric and GrammarAuthor of bookReginal L. Smally, gelt K. Reutten and Joann R. KozyrevPublisherHeinle HeinleDate2001PlaceAustraliaChoose one or more of the following questions to inspire your reader response paragraph.1. How do the impressions of the audience change (or do they) after the second reading? Does the audience think any differently? Is the topic one that would make readers requisite to learn more? Why or why not? What is it that a reader would want to research for additional information?2. Sometimes articles touch their audience, reminding them of their own life, as part of the larger human experience. Are thither connections between the article and the audiences own life? Or, does the article remind its audience of an event (or events) that happened to soul they know? Does the article have a connection to a previous book or article?3. If you were the author, would you have changed anything in the article and ideas? Do you have a negative connotation associated with the idea? What would you chance?4. Does the article leave the audience with questions they would like to ask? What are they? Would the audience like to direct their questions at a particular character or an idea? What questions would the audience like to ask the author of the article? Are they que stions that the audience may be able to answer by reading more about the authors life and/or works? What are the questions and how would they be answered?5. Is there an idea in the book that makes the audience stop and think, or prompts questions? mention the idea and explain the responses.6. Has the article changed the reader in any way? The way you look at this theme or behave if you were to rebuke about this theme? What did you learn that you never knew before?7. Capture what it is about the book that stands out (or doesnt stand out).

Theories for Philanthropy: History and Background

Theories for good-will History and BackgroundIt is easy to motivate volume to bet fundraising resolutions average ask them to turn up and they go away, because its the head(p) liaison to do. DiscussIntroductionPhilanthropy is the act of donating money, goods, services, time or try to support whateverthing that is soci altogethery beneficial, has a defined objective, and no material return to the donor. Whilst the majority of people imbibe this as one-on-one alms bounteous, the other boldness to handsome without material reward is fundraising and corporate liberality. There is a slew amongst some organisers of fundraising levelts that little extra pauperism is needed for people to att suppress they will simply attend because it is the beneficial(a) thing to do. Of course, there atomic number 18 likewise those who canvass beneficence as wholly occurring where there is some gain outside of money for the donor, especi whollyy when it comes to corporate sy mpathy. Instead of organism about the right thing to do, it is much about the perception of doing the right thing as a market and PR weapon. 1 This essay will examine the roots of philanthropy and look at some of the motivational factors involved. This will involve looking at marketing techniques, psychological and philosophical theories as to why people chip in. The aim of this discussion is to provide recommendations to fundraising exit managers to assistance them better promote their events in light of the motivations discovered. The first arm will look at the history and backdrop of philanthropy.History and background of philanthropyThe earliest forms of philanthropy can be traced back to credence and the cerebrations of full-grown and charity inside Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The idea of charity in these texts looks at dower the forgetful and those in need no government issue what their assurance or situation. This idea of charity set the beginnings for t he secular concept of philanthropy.Where charity and philanthropy differ somewhat is that charity has a commitment to the sorry and helpless, whereas philanthropy is non so closely linked to the poor.2 However, religious faith is still a strong motivator rat philanthropy even today because it instils the belief that giving is the right thing to do and an weighty part of faith. In this whiz, it could be said that people need no more motivation than their faith to found to fundraising events. However, faith cannot explain all aspects of philanthropy for those who argon not religious or where faith is not an important element.3Philanthropy foundered into a concept in the ordinal century to do with being kind and add-on, which in the 18th and nineteenth centuries was then(prenominal) to do with being actively involved in homosexualitarian projects, such as hel marijuana cigaretteg the insane or prisoners, and the abolition of slavery.However, it was towards the end of the nineteenth century that philanthropy began to mean the donation of money to causes that would public assistance all levels of family and not nevertheless the poor. The accent of philanthropy has shifted from just helping the poor to helping all regions of society. The government is now seen as the primary carer for those under or around the poverty line, whilst philanthropists look to turn a profit society as a whole. This of course does not mean that the poor do not or cannot expediency from philanthropy, but that the goal of philanthropy is now wider than helping just those who are poor.4The modern version of philanthropy is very much to do with injection of money into causes and raising silver to help develop mixerly worthwhile projects. Philanthropy is not just about pouring money into something and forgetting about it, but about giving money so that results can be achieved. In fact, if results are not achieved through the donations then generally the donations to tha t position project will be reduced. This is a method that wealthy individualists and organizations use to keep projects aimable and to pass water a measure of social control.5 This social control whitethorn often be in the interests of the philanthropist and so it begs the question as to whether this is the completely motivation behind modern philanthropy. If this is the eccentric person, then perhaps the idea that motivation to do the right thing is enough is no durable a valid charge to promote or achieve fundraising. The next component will look at some competing theories of motivation with regards to philanthropy to see if this question can be answered.Philosophy and models of motivationOne idea of motivation behind corporate philanthropy is obviously that it corrects the image of an individual or business whilst also providing an opportunity to shape society in a certain way. In modern philanthropy there is no doubt that this is a part of motivation, but in legion(p redicate) ship canal it acts no polarly to idea of doing right. An individual who begets because they believe it is the right thing to do will give in the same way as an individual or organisation who gives because they perceive that others think it is the right thing for them to do. corporate philanthropy is a part of business husbandry today, and companies see it as an important marketing similarlyl to be seen as an ethical, responsible and socially aware company that looks to give back to the federation and to society.6Also, there is the other side of fundraising that as a company cash in hand are needed to be generated to be given by philanthropists, and so a good company that can benefit society will have a fundraising strategy. Mullin believes that the key to good fundraising is less to do with motivational factors and more to do with detailed strategic planning and advertising of the event is the key to its success.7 For Mullin, fundraising works very much like any r eturn with a life cycle of fundraising that determines where and when the best opportunities for gaining funding are within each project or event. Wendroff also believes that the key to successful fundraising is frugal aid to detail and planning, and that there is no real need to look into motivational factors as much as there is to employ proper marketing and organization of the event. If this is pay backn care of then people will donate because of the feeling that this is a worthwhile cause portrayed by the step of the event.8However, there are a number of other theories with regards to the motivation behind fundraising that can help fundraisers. Sargeant and Jay believe that the motivation for philanthropy comes from push and pick factors. People give not just for one reason but for a wide variety of reasons depending on the social humour, empathy and sympathy for a cause, potential for results from the donation and other factors. These push and pull factors are Byzantine and it is believed that more research into why people give and also why they stop giving is important. If this is not undertaken then organisations are in endangerment of spending too long developing techniques to gain funding kind of than really penetrating why people want to give and how to then present their project.9Other theorists see motivation behind giving as being somewhat different. The philosopher Immanuel Kant sees giving as a simply matter of duty, and that the act of philanthropy is an example of duty to our society. Kant doesnt believe that humanitarian acts or charity are the motivations behind philanthropy, but rather the organisation of duty, society and law are the motivations behind donation. Whilst Kants view may appear somewhat cold and does not take into account the human or sympathy aspect of donation, there is evidence that modern philanthropy does on some level work like this. People give money because they feel it is their responsibility to help societ y with what they have, and this fits in more with a wizard of Kantian duty than being charitable.10Despite this, Kants view is perhaps too narrow and does not take into account the fact that part of giving is certainly to do with individual(prenominal) feelings towards a specific project. Even if someone feels it might be right or their duty to donate, they are less credibly to do so if there is no personal fit with the project and understanding of its social worth. perchance the view of John Stuart Mill is a better explanation of motivation in this case. Mills idea is that people donate because they see it as the rational way of making society most efficient. full-grown their wealth to help socially beneficial organizations means that they are helping to maximise utility within society. Whilst this theory also seems extremely well thought-out and neat in that it would be great to think that philanthropists and donors need only l achieve about a projects benefit to society to g ive, it again seems that there is more to motivation than this. It also seems unlikely that all donors clearly see this bigger picture and that their wealth being offered to others in this way really is helping the overall efficiency and utility of society. If this were the case then philanthropists would all give to very similar and large-scale projects that could benefit as many people as possible clearly this isnt the case.11Motivational factors and on-line(prenominal) climateThe problem with all of these theories is that they seemingly take a narrow view on motivation to try and pin down why people donate so that fundraisers can develop techniques to increase funding. However, the situation should probably not be looked at in terms of strict individual motivational factors but rather in terms of the current climate of donation and philanthropy on a local, national and global scale. For instance, whilst values in the UK and US on many topics are rather similar, levels of phila nthropic donation are much refuse in the UK (less than 1% of GDP) than in the US (2% of GDP).12 Understanding why different national markets vary in level of donation can help fundraisers to understand why people are donating in a particular area or during a particular time period.The US and the UK differ in their giving policies, with US philanthropy very much to do with charity begins at home, and that self-interest, social appreciation and public financial statement of giving are important motivational factors. However, in the UK the act of philanthropy is much more to do with the notion of charity for all and the sense of duty that doing something socially worthwhile is important. This is done in a more private way and is not so much linked to personal interest or social acceptance. Despite the US and the UK being quite similar they have very different motivations for giving, and this shows how important it is to know the area and culture that the fundraising is being carried out in. This is perhaps more important than knowing individual motivational factors, because these are likely to change depending on the current climate and market conditions.Certainly, since September 11th and the bombings in London the status towards giving has changed as people look again to help others and draw and quarter more of their influence and wealth than before. However, things are changing again as a worldwide economic slump means people are being more cautious, yet demand for funding is increasing as more is needed from individuals to help support the government.13In the current climate it looks like corporate donors will move away from corporate giving for PR, and move towards investing in communities to give them a strategic receipts in the approaching. With companies having less money and all individuals having to reduce their spending, it seems that currently the emphasis for fundraisers should be on showing worth and value to the companies and individuals who want to invest. Companies should also look towards diversifying their fundraising so that they can survive even if philanthropic donations are in decline.14ConclusionAlthough some people will always give money because they believe it is the right thing to do, philanthropy is no longer synonymous with charity. This means that fundraisers have to do more to get the pecuniary resource they need than simply appeal to a sense of right. In an effort to find new techniques to generate funds, fundraisers have looked at the individual motivations behind philanthropy. Whilst the theories presented here all have their merits, individual motivations are too complex, unpredictable and diverse to base fundraising manoeuvre upon. Instead, fundraisers should aim to base their tactics on the current economic climate as well as the fundraising climate within their locality or national culture. This is more likely to give general patterns that can be used to strategically improve fundraising. In the current climate, this means diversifying tactics and even looking to earn a certain amount of funds to offset the effects of the economic slump. Fundraisers should also emphasise the benefits to philanthropists with regards to social and corporate results, as anything that will give donors a strategic or social advantage in the future can be a factor in donation.In conclusion, it is no longer enough for fundraisers to rely on peoples sense of charity and humanity to generate funds. Instead, companies should focus on the worth and social benefit of their projects to attract investors in their particular region. Whilst individual motivational factors are complex and need more investigation, local and national trends can be used to develop fundraising strategies.BibliographyBennett, R., 1997. Corporate philanthropy in the UK altruistic giving or marketing communications weapon?. daybook of Marketing Communications, 3(2), pp. 87-109.Boney, R., 2008. Corporate donors adjust to economic slump. Philanthropy Journal, September 15th, 2008. getable at http//www.philanthropyjournal.org/resources/special-reports/corporate-giving/corporate-donors-adjust-economic-slumpBoswell, H., 2003. Motivations for big and Serving. (Online). Available at http//www.learningtogive.org/papers/paper33.html (Accessed 15th November 2008).Bremner, R.H., 1996. Giving Charity and Philanthropy in History. New Brunswick and London Transaction Publishers.Johnson, G., and Scholes, K., 2002. Exploring Corporate Strategy sixth Edition. Prentice Hall.Matthewson, D.J., 2001. An analysis of John Stuart Mills Justification for Redistribution. brisk for delivery at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the Western Political lore Association, Alexis Park Hotel, Las Vegas Nevada, March 15-17. Available at http//faculty.fullerton.edu/dmatthewson/Final%20Mill.docMullin, R., 1997. Fundraising Strategy. Directory of Social Change.Sargeant, A., and Jay, E., 2004. Fundraising circumspection Analysis, Planning and Prac tice. London Routledge.Slim, H., 2001. Not Philanthropy But Rights Rights-Based Humanitarianism and the proper(a) Politicisation of Humanitarian Philosophy in War. Centre for Development and Emergency Practice, Oxford Brookes University. Available at http//www.odi.org.uk/hpg/confpapers/slim_new.pdfWendroff, A.L., 2004. Special Events Proven Strategies for Nonprofit Fundraising. John Wiley and Sons.Wright, K., 2001. Generosity vs. self-sacrifice Philanthropy and Charity in the United States and United Kingdom. Voluntas International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 12(4), pp. 399-416.Footnotes1 Bennett, 1997, pp. 87-912 Bremner, 1996, p. xii3 Boswell, 2003.4 Bremner, 1996, pp. xii-xiii5 Boswell, 2003.6 Johnson and Scholes, 2002, pp. 35-377 Mullin, 1997, pp. 2-88 Wendroff, 2004, pp. 195-1989 Sargeant and Jay, 2004, pp. 111-113.10 Slim, 2001, pp. 2-511 Matthewson, 2001.12 Wright, 2001, pp. 399-40013 Boswell, 200314 Boney, 2008

Preventing Accidents on Construction Sites

Preventing Accidents on bodily structure SitesThis chapter investigates the wellness and gumshoe flyers that atomic anatomy 18 forward long in prat to invalidate separatrixs and injuries on eddy sends. In frame to restrain casualtys in expression it is non just a matter of maketing up a list of rules and making rubber inspections, although both of these name their flummox (Holt, 2001). Holt (2001) suggests that a system for managing health and refuge is unavoidable that meets the needs of the business and complies with the law. This chapter intends to identify these strategies usage and highlight the pull ins to the application in implementing them.The al close to primary(prenominal) general(a) manner is to implement the CDM regulations 2007 successfully, nonetheless at bottom these regulations at that place atomic reckon 18 precise taxs that weed rear amend results.The HSE concluded in Blackspot Construction that 70% of the deaths on expressi on sites could gift been prevented by positive action by managers indoors the patience (Joyce, 2001).The commonplace principles of taproom as stated in regulation 7 of the CDM regulations 2007 atomic number 18 as followsi. Every soulfulness on whom a duty is lay by these Regulations in relation to the design, planning and preparation of a sterilize off shall take accounting of the general principles of prevention in the performance of those duties during all stages of the project.ii. Every person on whom a duty is located by these Regulations in relation to the social system phase of a project shall jibe so far as is reasonably practicable that the general principles of prevention atomic number 18 applied in the dealing step to the fore of the twisting exert.Welf are FacilitiesThe readiness for health, sentry duty and eudaemonia of workers ingestd on pull sites was non include in the CDM Regulations 1994 as it was the responsibility of the CHSW 1996 however these regulations have now been revoked by the CDM regulations 2007. These regulations set break finished the requirements for the provision of welfare facilities to be provided by the contractors as it has latterly been recognized that the health and rubber of workers is at once changeed by their in-person welfare (Joyce, 2007). The provision of high welfare facilities is plausibly to rationalize the number of accidents and injuries on pull sites as it promotes recruitment, healthy morale and employee retention.These reasons all should be sufficient justification for the investment in welfare facilities which should countenance the client and contractors to ensure that they are provided on reflexion sites from the divulgeset to an acceptable level. With kayoed the provision of welfare facilities workers are likely to be cold, all overheated, dirty, dehydrated and uneasy (Joyce, 2007), this in turn entrust have an fix on the aptitude and effectiveness of their w ork underinterpreted creating an unsafe environment to themselves and their fellow workers. The provision of welfare facilities cigarette be seen as an important throwaway to stiffen accidents on construction sites however the contractors must ensure that they are cleaned and maintained finished knocked out(p) the entire duration of the construction work in order to extend to their full advance to the manufacturing.Education and TrainingEducation and provision plays a very important part in the reduction of accidents on construction sites which is a statutory requirement under the Management of health and sentry go at Work regulations 1999 as well as much recently the CDM regulations 2007. It is the responsibility of the employer to provide much(prenominal) teaching during recruitment, at inductions or when world exposed to bare-assed or cast upd bumps (Hughes ferret 2007).The levels of education and training required covers a wide range of association such a s specific comp some(prenominal) health and preventative policies, risk mensuratements, method statements, safety procedures, good practice and legal requirements (Hughes trace 2005). It is intelligible that providing essential information through with(predicate) a high level of education and training pull up stakes enable employees to carry out tasks with limited supervision, this in turn should reduce the likelihood of health and safety risks and therefore service reduce the number of accidents and injuries inwardly the construction intentness.Construction Skills witness Scheme (CSCS)The Construction Skills Certification look has been set up to stand by improve the general woodland of workmanship as well as to reduce accidents and injuries occurring on construction sites. This CSCS scheme helps to ensure that adapted workers are registered inside the construction industry, which is currently the largest scheme within the construction industry which covers over 220 different occupations. As a result of this these cards are becoming increasingly demanded end-to-end, in particular by clients and contractors in order for workers to provide proof of their occupational competence and therefore shed light on access onto construction sites throughout the UK.This scheme has been supported by construction authorities such as the major(ip) Contractors Group (MCG), National Contractors Federation (NCF) and the Major Home Builders Group (MHG) as it shows they have passed the CITB Construction Skills health and Safety Test. If these cards are do mandatory as a standard requirement within the construction industry then it leave alone ensure that the general health and safety mindfulness of construction workers on construction sites with regards to health and safety risks pull up stakes squarely improve, therefore more than likely reduce the number of accidents and fatalities within the industry. http//www.citb.org.uk/cardschemes/whatcardschemesar eavailable/certificationschemes/cscs.aspCompetence AssessmentsThe CDM regulations 2007 have highlighted the increased sense that the employment of competent workers is likely to reduce the number of accidents within the construction industry. This is evident from the increased slide fastener of worker competence assessments that are required before a work operative backside start work. Competence assessments are carried out in order to assess whether a person is suited to carry out a job which is a method utilize to reduce accident on construction sites.It is the authors popular opinion that competent hatful are more aware of health and safety risks surrounding them which they can therefore deal with before an accident occurs. The level of competence required is proportionate to the risks arising from the construction work (Joyce, 2007) which is stated in the ACoP so no work undertaken should be carried out by an unable worker. The term competence is non defined in the CDM re gulations however a definition do during a civil court case in 1962 sates that a competent person isA person with practical and theoretical knowledge as well as sufficient experience of the particular machinery, plant or procedure moved to enable them to identify defects or weaknesses during plant and machinery questions, and to assess their importance in relation to the strength and function of that plant and machinery.The model of confidence underpins the CDM regulations 2007 be apparent movement no duty pallbearer can be found unless they are competent themselves, this is required by regulation 4(1)(a)No person on whom these Regulations place a duty shall appoint or line of business a CDM co-coordinator, ornamentalist, principal contractor or contractor unless he has taken steps to ensure that the person to be appointed or engage is competent.In order to prevent incompetent community assessing the competence of others, the CDM regulations set out a statement in regulat ion 4(1)(b)No person on whom these Regulations place a duty shall accept an appointment or engagement unless he is competent.The introduction of the CDM Regulations 2007 assortly shows that competence assessment is an important measure to prevent accident on construction sites and must be implemented further if these measures are to be highly successful.Designing to reduce risksThe introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 has provided a bigger emphasis on designing out risks in the planning stage of construction projects. Increased responsibility has been placed on designers as a result of the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 to forefend hazards before they have chance to occur. Holt (2001) suggests that the method of prevention to remove the risk of a hazard at the design stage is likely to be more effective than to establish a dominate strategy, especially as it would swan on people to work in the correct way which is non always likely to happen.An representative of t his may be for a designer to prevent from specifying fragile roofing materials which could present the opportunity for people to conciliate through. In the event of a designer unable to completely eliminate health and safety risks at the design stage, then the design and precondition can still make a hearty difference to actions carried out on site. It should emphasize ways in which work should be carried out in order to provide minimal health and safety risks to workers. The spare time worn-out(a) that may result from a more dilate design process should be repaid through savings of time and money, and perchance lives throughout the construction process (Holt, 2001). colloquyThe variety of measures in place in order to reduce accidents and fatalities on construction sites which are evident from the ongoing literature review throughout this chapter. The successfulness of these measures however is qualified on effective communication, particularly when implementing training an d education as it bequeath dramatically improve work operatives understanding of health and safety risks.Hughes and Ferret (2007) suggest that many puzzles regarding health and safety on construction sites is a result of poor communication between management and the work drag within an organization, this oft arises from ambiguities or possible accidental distortion. There are 3 basic methods of communicating health and safety information within the construction industry identified by Hughes Ferret (2007) as communicatory, pen and graphic.The most common of these methods is verbal communication via speech or word of mouth, this flake of communication should except be phthisisd when providing simple instructions or information generally during meetings or training sessions, these are generally know as tool box talks. In order for the implementation of verbal communication to be successful, the spokesperson needs to ensure that the messages they are nerve-racking to relay ar e clear and prevent confusion, the receiver should then depict few form of understanding in order to prove they clear on what is expected of them before undertaking any work.This method of accident prevention can have its draw rearwards and be a regular cause of accidents on construction sites if a verbal instruction has not been understood. Hughes and Ferret (2007) suggest that this may be as a result of a number of factors such as language and dialect barriers, use of technical foul language and abbreviations, background noise and distractions, hearing problems, ambiguities in the message, mental weaknesses and knowledge disabilities, lack of interest and attention.Despite the probable limitations that exist with verbal communications, there are withal a number of benefits that it brings to construction sites if carried out successfully. Communication in this manner is less formal, enables the exchange of information to take place quickly and can be carried out close to the w orkplace (Hughes Ferret, 2007). pen communication involves the use of emails, reports, notice boards etc. in order to die information regarding health and safety. Potential problems involved with this form of communication are that the language used may be difficult to understand and affect the level of comprehension. Detailed reports may not be read the right way due to time constraints and notice boards may be positioned in the handle places with out of date and irrelevant information. The main benefit of victimisation written communication, in particular emails, is that it provides a quicker method to ensure that messages get to all the people that may be concerned which is an important measure which could be implemented further to reduce accidents on construction sites (Hughes Ferret, 2007). in writing(p) communication is carried out through the use of photographs, drawings, posters and videos. This type of communication is often used to inform workers of health and safety information such as fire exits and HS propaganda. This is regarded as being a relatively effective method of communication as it has no barriers with regards to language or dialect and displays a simple message that can be remembered. The potential limitations regarding this procedure is that the art may very quickly become out of date or in the case of posters, be ignored (Hughes Ferret).Improvements in TechnologyA bring up measure in which to reduce accidents on construction sites is through the use of up to date technologies. This view is supported by (reference) who suggests that virgin technologies in construction sites are not only likely to help prevent accidents and injuries on construction sites but also improve the overall efficiency of construction projects. This view is also supported by Holt (2001) who suggests that guardianship up to date with smart applied science can bring an added benefit to the industry and generally improve site conditions. The introductio n of impertinent engineering may be in the form of improved software package, software often gets up-graded quickly with new and improved packages that should be installed to benefit the industry.It may also involve improvements in technology such as the new blackberry this can incorporate cell phone capability and email connectivity into a single device that will benefit employers relaying safety messages quickly and directly to employees on site, therefore improving coordination between site operatives. New technology may also be in the form of site equipment and plant, for object lesson the use of mechanical systems such as hoists and lifts should be replaced instead of manual operations, this is not only likely to increase productivity on site but also prevent the likelihood of injuries such as back problems.The introduction of improved technologies into construction sites in an attempt to reduce accidents and injures is by and large dependant on the level of training that accompanies it. Employers must be aware that productivity on site may not be at its peak during the period of change as new software and equipment requires training and adjustments to that of old technologies. However, if sufficient training is provided to accompany the new technology and software then employees will be able to harness the power of new technologies and provide numerous benefits to the construction industry.Risks AssessmentsRisk assessments are an important measure used to reduce HS risks on construction sites, they are a legal requirement of many HS legislations during the planning stage of a project so that plans can be put in place to control potential risks as assessed in Chapter 2 of this study. A risk assessment involves an examination of the potential risks that may cause harm to people which cannot be avoided through the design process of a project, the risk assessments should only identify the significant risks that apply to the construction project and ign ore the trivial risks that are not likely to result in an accident or destiny.They are carried out in order for organisations to establish whether they have taken enough precautions or to identify if they could do more to prevent the likelihood of an accident or fatality on the construction site (HSE, 2006a). Risk assessments are used to decide on priorities and set objectives for eliminating hazards and cut down risks, if this is possible it is usually through selection and design of facilities, equipment and processes. However if they cannot be eliminated they are minimised by the use of physical controls or, as a last employ, through systems of work and personal custodial equipment (Hughes Ferrett, 2007).A hazard is something with potential to cause harm. The harm will vary in severity some hazards may cause death, some serious illness or disability, others only cuts and bruises. A Risk is the combine of the severity of harm with the likelihood of it happening. http//www.h se.gov.uk/pubns/indg275.pdfHughes and Ferrett (2007) identifies two basic forms of risk assessments, these are quantitative, which involves risks given a numerical value and qualitative which is the most common form of risk assessment in the construction industry which is based purely on personal judgement and then quantified as being either high, medium or low risk in scathe of its severity.The HSE (2006a) identified the following 5 key steps in order to asses the risk in a workplace flavor 1 Identify the hazardsStep 2 Decide who might be harmed and howStep 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautionsStep 4 render your findings and implement themStep 5 Review your assessment and update if essentialIf these steps are followed by every construction organisation throughout the UK then it will make a big difference to reducing the number of accidents and fatalities on construction sites which is regarded as being the principal invest of risk assessments, this aim however is also d ependant on the competence of people carrying out the risk assessment and also the communication of their findings.An example of a risk assessment form can be seen in Appendix 2.Health and Safety CultureHSE publication HSG 65, Successful Health and Safety ManagementHealth and Safety InductionsHealth and Safety PoliciesHealth and Safety Policies are an important measure that are required by law for every organisation to produce. The can play a key role in reducing accidents and fatalities on construction sites. They have been assessed in greater detail in chapter 2, segment 8.4.Managing Risks during constructionThe introduction of the CDM regulations have also placed more emphasis on managing risks during construction in order to target the high level of accidents and fatalities on construction sites. This measure involves creating a well established management system that controls the potential risks go almost during a construction project and deciding what should be done round them. This may involve giving collective protective measures priority over individual measures to provide the biggest benefit to the health and safety of everyone involved. This may involve removing hazardous dust by exhaust ventilation rather than providing a filtering respirator to an individual worker (Rowlinson, 2004).It is therefore the role of a manager, such as the principal contractor to assess the most appropriate protective measures to use during the construction process and ensure that people under his assertion abide by these management decisions. Managing risks during construction may also be in the form of giving appropriate instructions to employees. This may involve making sure that all employees are fully aware of specific company policies, risk assessments, method statements, safety procedures, good practice, official guidance, and any legal requirements that they must follow (Holt, 2001).Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)It is the opinion of (make up a reference ) that Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should only be used as a control measure as a last resort to try to reduce accidents and fatalities on construction sites. This is due to the fact that it does not eliminate the hazard and will present the wearer with the maximum health and safety risk if the equipment fails.Hughes and Ferrett (2007) identify a number of limitations as to why PPE should only be used as a last resort such as the equipment only protects the person wearing it and doesnt take into account the effects the risk may have on others working close it relies on people wearing the equipment at all times which people do not often do it must be used properly which requires training, this could result in a loss of time and productivity and it must be replaced when it no longer offers the appropriate levels of protection.Aside from these limitations the use of PPE still provides certain benefits to the industry and is an important measure to reduce, or at least prevent th e level of accidents on construction sites. PPE enables workers to have immediate protection to allow a job to continue in an mite it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue or shutting down plant and it can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are impracticable (Hughes Ferrett, 2007).The Construction word form Plan The Health and Safety FileThe Construction Phase Plan and The Health and Safety File which were introduced by the CDM regulations both help to reduce accidents and injuries on construction sites. They have been discussed previously in Chapter 1, function 7.2 in greater detail on the positive impacts they have on the construction industry.It is the opinion of the author that these measures to reduce accidents on construction sites should be reviewed periodically to ensure that they are still effective and to introduce new improvements to these measures. In the event of a serious accident or concomitant occurring on a construct ion site, then an immediate review of the risk control measures in place should be carried out to identify the problem and why it occurred.Cost of implementation of the CDM regulations 2007The HSC has claimed that the CDM regulations are likely to save the construction industry 2.7 billion, through trim down bureaucracy and a further benefit to the construction industry by up to 3.2 billion by reduced loss of working time (Joyce, 2007), this however is likely to be the beat case scenario, the HSC concluded that in the worst case scenario the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 could make up the construction industry 660 million (Joyce, 2007).The monetary cost of implementing these measures of prevention through the CDM regulations may be regarded as costly to the industry however it is the authors opinion the benefit of implementing theses regulations successfully and reducing the number of fatalities and accidents on construction sites is a small price to pay as it benefit s the industry as a whole by the factors outlined below. This view is supported by Robert E McKee who commented that Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial investment we can make, And the question is not what it costs us, but what it saves.4.6 Benefits of accident preventionThe measures identified in section 4.1 above highlight the main factors that can assist in preventing accidents and fatalities on construction sites. The implementations of measures to prevent accidents are extremely worthwhile as they provide a number of benefits to the construction industry which are discussed below.6.6.1 Cost in human sufferingThe cost in human suffering, physical botheration and hardship resulting from death and disability is impossible to quantify (Holt, 2001). The accident and fatality statistics analyzed in chapter 3 provide the author with background knowledge that there are an alarming amount of accidents and fatalities within the construction industry each year. This is likely to h ave had a significant impact on the lives of workers and their families causing a considerable amount of disruption. This is one of the major reasons why these statistics need to be reduced and try to achieve a safer construction industry.6.6.2 MoralMoral reasons stem from a developing public awareness that something needs to be done to raise the quality of life within the construction industry (Holt, 2001). It is becoming increasingly evident that the safety of workers within the construction industry is being put at risks for reasons such as potential increased profits. It is of the authors opinion that this is morally awry(p) and should be prevented which in turn will benefit the construction industry as a result of fewer accidents. In order to increase workers moral within the industry (Holt, 2001) workers should be actively involved in accident prevention programmes, this is likely to increase the productivity of work and prevent weakened worker moral through a reduction in ac cidents on site.6.6.3 LegalLegal reasons are contained in state law, which enlarge steps to be taken and objectives to be met, and which carries the threat of prosecution or other enforcement action as a consequence of failure to honour (Holt, 2001). The prevention of fatalities is likely to reduce legal action faced by organizations which in turn is likely to reduce cost in terms of money and adverse publicity as there will be a reduction in the number of workers able to gain compensation.6.6.4 pecuniaryThe benefit of accident prevention is likely to have a significant impact on financial reasons which will ensure the continuing financial health of a business and avoid the costs associated with accidents (Holt, 2001). These costs can be both direct cost such as deed delays which include the cost of compensation as well as substantiating costs such as management time spent on investigations and fines.Conclusion of chapterThe analysis of measures to reduce accident and fatalitie s on construction sites along with the benefits that these measures bring, highlight the fact that a good safety record and catalogue safety management systems can more than repay the time spent of achieving it. A reduction in accidents and fatalities through increased measures to prevent them will significantly reduce the problems identified in section 6.6 and therefore significantly benefit the construction industry as a whole. This chapter highlights many control systems and mechanisms that are in place to decrease the chances of accident and injuries within the construction industry, howeverChapter Four MethodologyThis chapter discusses the different methodological approaches for this study and expands on the outline methodological analysis highlighted in chapter 1. Detailed accounts of the specific research strategies are also examined, highlighting the methods used to analyze and interpret the data collected. each question chosen for the questionnaire will be examined statin g why it was chosen, what it hoped to achieve, and how it relates to the research aim and objectives. Finally, the location of the study and methodological restrictions are also considered.Approachseveral(prenominal) methodologies to assess the effectiveness, success and problems of CDM regulations have been used in the past, notably examine groups, influence network models, case studies and statistical analysis (reference). The case study approach analyses a very small number of duty bearers using semi-structured surveys, and over a number of periods (e.g. quote people and times). Although this methodology can be detailed, results can be extremely unrepresentative.Resultantly, the sample group methodology was chosen for this study, which follows the same layout, but with a much larger number of duty holders. Academics such as (reference) and (reference) have used this type of methodology in the past. The sample group methodology was most appropriate for this study, as data was ne eded from multiple different duty holders in order to make comparisons and generalizations. Using influence network models was deemed less appropriate than a sample technique as this tended to concentrate on influences for poor health and safety rather than the effectiveness of the CDM Regulations 2007.Criteria for evaluating effectivenessIn order to gain useful information it was important to understand what the outcome would be compared to (Moore, 2000), therefore, at this stage the ultimate outcome for measuring the effectiveness of the rewrite CDM regulations would be to measure the impact they have had on accident statistics on construction sites.This measure however takes a long period of time for changes to lucid themselves and enable a comparison to that of the CDM regulations 1994. As the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 only came into force in April 2007, a number of different measures have been implemented throughout this study in order to measure the early effe ctiveness of the new CDM regulations. Table 7.1 below shows the steps taken with the required source of raise to indicate that an early impact has been made.Effectiveness means the capability of producing an effect (www.wikepidia.org) and in this case, it can be assumed that with reference to this study the intend effect of the CDM regulations is to reduce accident statistics on construction sites.Table 7.1 collision outcome of the revised CDM RegulationsStepOutcome measureIndicative order of outcome1 business holder awareness that CDM regulations have been revisedEvents and articles to launch the revised CDM Regulations2Duty holder obtains information about revised CDM RegulationsSales and downloads of the revised CDM regulations and guidance material3Duty holder acts internally on contents of revised CDM regulationsDuty holder acknowledges clarity in the regulations and better known what is expected of them4Improvements in management and design practice appearPositive duty hold er views on the improved flexibility in the fit of the revised CDM regulations to a wide range of contractual arrangements. amend information flow including from the clients.Improved competence assessments.Improved communication, cooperation and coordination between duty holders.Improved health and safety files.Reduced bureaucracy and paperwork.Clients committed to ensuring the safe management of projects.Coordinators are perceived as adding value.5Improvements in risk management through good design apparent in specifications and drawings.More on-site hazards are eliminated and thence appear less frequently on drawings / specifications.More resid

The Advantures Of Huck. Fin :: essays research papers

Books are known for teaching lessons. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark braces satirically presents the situation of how people of different color were treated unjustly, maculation at the same eon amusing his readers.Isnt it ironic that the grapheme that grows on you close to is Jim, the black runaway hard worker, who hostel looks down upon most during the time period of this book? Jim is treated poorly as a slave and as a person. For one, he is separated from his parents and children amongst different slave proprietors. On top of this, he is about to be sold for $800 to some other owner even more far away from his family, which leads to his escape. Despite these situations, he clay a loyal, loving, father-like figure, and most importantly, he rebrinys a great familiarity to Huckleberry.Society, even today, often puts children down by saying that they do not contain values. Well, Huck closes the door to this statework forcet. Whenever Huck is challenged to make a finish on impa ct concerning the safety of Jim, such as the adventure when the men are looking for blacks, his heart eer check offms to pilot him to the tutelage of Jims benefit, even though almost all of the rest of society would bearing to his decisions during this period of time. You can also see Hucks agony and sorrow for the fact that Jim has to buy his family back in launch to see them again. This absolutely breaks Hucks heart.Back in the 1800s, blacks were considered property, and vacuouss were always the splendid race. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark bitstock purposely makes Jim the best nature in the book, in that he is the most compassionate, caring, and most appreciated by Huck, the main character in the book. At the same time he makes Pap, the white dead-beat father of Huck, the most detested, disrespected, low down character of this book. Twain causes his readers to speculate of how foolish it is that a person can be judged on his international appearance, rather than who the i ndividual is on the inside.The Advantures Of Huck. Fin essays research written document Books are known for teaching lessons. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain satirically presents the situation of how people of different color were treated unjustly, while at the same time amusing his readers.Isnt it ironic that the character that grows on you most is Jim, the black runaway slave, who society looks down upon most during the time period of this book? Jim is treated poorly as a slave and as a person. For one, he is separated from his parents and children amongst different slave owners. On top of this, he is about to be sold for $800 to another owner even more far away from his family, which leads to his escape. Despite these situations, he remains a loyal, loving, father-like figure, and most importantly, he remains a great friend to Huckleberry.Society, even today, often puts children down by saying that they do not contain values. Well, Huck closes the door to this statement. Whene ver Huck is challenged to make a decision on impact concerning the safety of Jim, such as the incident when the men are looking for blacks, his heart always seems to pilot him to the direction of Jims benefit, even though almost all of the rest of society would object to his decisions during this period of time. You can also see Hucks distress and sorrow for the fact that Jim has to buy his family back in order to see them again. This absolutely breaks Hucks heart.Back in the 1800s, blacks were considered property, and whites were always the superior race. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain purposely makes Jim the best character in the book, in that he is the most compassionate, caring, and most appreciated by Huck, the main character in the book. At the same time he makes Pap, the white dead-beat father of Huck, the most detested, disrespected, low down character of this book. Twain causes his readers to contemplate of how foolish it is that a person can be judged on his outside appea rance, rather than who the individual is on the inside.

Fluctuating Gas Prices Will Never End Essay -- essays research papers

These days, gas prices seem to be a weekly topic on local and national news channels. either(prenominal) time there is some type of fluctuation, it causes an uproar, usually because it is a discrimination of ten cents or greater. The thinks as to why is definitely a riddle with new myths popping up each day and almost all the supposed reasons being incorrect. The real discussion should be non as to what causes the price tack but how it affects our normal lives. Should we adjust our way of feel to accommodate less driving or submit we already?In the U.S., we saw gas prices go as low as $1.75 and as high as $3.00 in 2005. In 2006, we saw almost the like trend with a low of $2.10 and so far we have leveled knocked out(p) around $3.00 or so. While I washstand agree that $1.75 workings a lot better on my bud repulse with two kids and a lot of ground to cover in my SUV each day, there is very some good reason as to why we see much(prenominal) change each year. The first an d most obvious reason would have to be that during the winter months when we beat back the least, prices drop to accommodate the resulting increase in supply and the opposite occurs in summer months when we drive the most. Another major(ip) cause in price change occurs when there is a change in value in crude oil, also dependant on the supply and demand factor. With more large worldwide issues such as weather and war affecting the supply, this good deal be part of the reason but is definitely not the main factor as many people believe. You may be pondering though, Why does the price of supply go up with the price of each barrel but not back down with it as well? That is a simple suffice as well supply and demand. With the prices rising, less gas is purchased during a time that the companies have to sell extra to make ... ...ust get in the railway car and drive for no reason? I definitely do not, I dont have time too And Im sure most other people dont either. When we get in ou r cars, we usually have somewhere to be and I pack groceries and I need to go to work so I cant cut down on how much I drive even if I wanted to. So in conclusion, we should all forfeit blaming the politicians, who in fact have lowered the taxes by a microscopic margin to assist during the hard times and the oil companies who have go about the largest ratio of production costs in history. So unless you can apparatus a carpool and split the cost of gas with others or are impulsive to utilize public transportation, there is no sense in badgering about what you can do because there isnt much we can do. We should adjust our budgets and not our way of life because an increase in everyday life costs is inevitable and just a fact of life.

Satellites :: essays research papers

SatellitesSatellite is probably the most useful intent since the wheel. Satelliteshave the capability to let you talk with someone across the republic or let youclose a business deal finished video communication. Almost everything today isheading towards the use of satellites, such as telephones. At&t has used thiscommunications satellite (top right) ever since the belated 1950s. TVS and radiosare besides turning to the use of satellites. RCA and Sony have released satellitedishes for radiocommunication and Television services. New technology also allows themilitary to use satellites as a weapon. The new ION cannon is a satellite thatcan take in a particle beam anywhere on earth and take a crap an earthquake. They canalso use its capability for imaging enhancement, which allows you to zoom in onsomeones nose hairs all the way from space.Robert Gossard (left) was one of the most implicit in(p) inventors of thesatellite. He was born on October 5, 1882. He earned his Masters and doctorialdegree in Physics at Clark University. He conducted research on improving solid-propellant missiles. He is known best for firing the worlds first-year successfulliquid-propellant rocket on March 16, 1926. This was a simple pressure-fedrocket that burned gasoline and liquid oxygen. It traveled only 56m (184 ft) but turn up to the world that the principle was valid. Gossard Died August 10, 1945.Gossard did not work alone, he was also in partnership with a Russian theoristnamed Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Tsiolkovsky was born on September 7, 1857. As achild Tsiolkovsky educated himself and rose to run low a High School teacher ofmathematics in the base town of Kaluga, 145km (90mi) south of Moscow. In hisearly years Tsiolkovsky caught scarlet febricity and became 80% deaf. Together, thetheoretical work of Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and the experimental work ofAmerican Robert Gossard, confirmed that a satellite might be launched by gistof a rocket.I chose the satellit e to research because many things such as computers,TVS and telephones are using satellites, and I thought it would be a strong ideato figure out how they work and the history behind them before we start to usethem more rapidly. I also picked the satellite because I think that my lifewould differ without it. For instance, The Internet or World long Web would runvery slowly or would cease to be altogether. We wouldnt be able to talk topeople across the world because telephone wires would have to travel across theAtlantic, and if they did, the reception would be horrible. We wouldnt know